A125078 Fifth in an infinite set of generalized Pascal's triangles, with trigonometric properties.

1, 1, 4, 1, 5, 19, 1, 9, 24, 91, 1, 10, 63, 115, 436, 1, 14, 73, 397, 551, 2089, 1, 15, 132, 470, 2358, 2640, 10009, 1, 19, 147, 1043, 2828, 13482, 12649, 47956, 1, 20, 226, 1190, 7441, 16310, 75061, 60605, 229771

Offset: 1

Author

Gary W. Adamson, Nov 18 2006

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl

Comments

The triangle is the fifth in an infinite set of generalized Pascal's triangles constrained by two properties: row sums = powers of N and upward sloping diagonals solve for N + 2*Cos 2Pi/Q. Row sums are powers of 5. Right border (1, 4, 19, 91, 436...) = A004253. Next to right border (1, 5, 24, 115...) = A004254.

Examples

			First few rows of the triangle are:
1;
1, 4;
1, 5, 19;
1, 9, 24, 91;
1, 10, 63, 115, 436;
1, 14, 73, 397, 551, 2089;
1, 15, 132, 470, 2358, 2640, 10009;
...
The upward sloping diagonal (1, 14, 63, 91) is derived from the characteristic polynomial x^3 - 14x^2 + 63x - 91 and relates to the Heptagon (Q=7) since a root = 6.24697960...= 5 + 2*Cos 2Pi/7. The corresponding matrix is [4, 1, 0; 1, 5, 1; 0, 1, 5]. The next upward sloping diagonal (1, 15, 73, 115) relates to the Octagon (Q=8) since a root = 6.41421356... = 5 + 2*Cos 2Pi/8. The corresponding matrix is [5, 1, 0; 1, 5, 1; 0, 1, 5].
		

Crossrefs

Cf. A125076, A125078, A004253, A004254.

Formula

Upward sloping diagonals are derived from interleaved characteristic polynomials of two types of matrices, relating to odd and even polygons. Matrices with an eigenvalue 5 + 2*Cos 2Pi/Q, Q is odd, are of the form: all 1's in the super and subdiagonals and 4,5,5,5... in the main diagonal. Matrices (Q is even) are of the form: all 1's in the super and subdiagonals and 5,5,5... in the main diagonal.