A225118 Triangle read by rows, coefficients of the generalized Eulerian polynomials A_{n, 4}(x) in descending order.

1, 3, 1, 9, 22, 1, 27, 235, 121, 1, 81, 1996, 3446, 620, 1, 243, 15349, 63854, 40314, 3119, 1, 729, 112546, 963327, 1434812, 422087, 15618, 1, 2187, 806047, 12960063, 37898739, 26672209, 4157997, 78117, 1, 6561, 5705752, 162711868, 840642408, 1151050534

Offset: 0

Author

Peter Luschny, May 02 2013

Keywords

• nonn
• easy
• tabl

Comments

The row sums equal the quadruple factorial numbers A047053 and the alternating row sums, i.e., sum((-1)^k*T(n,k),k=0..n), are up to a sign A079858. - Johannes W. Meijer, May 04 2013

Examples

			[0]  1
[1]  3*x   +    1
[2]  9*x^2 +   22*x   +    1
[3] 27*x^3 +  235*x^2 +  121*x   + 1
[4] 81*x^4 + 1996*x^3 + 3446*x^2 + 620*x + 1
...
The triangle T(n, k) begins:
n\k
0:    1
1:    3      1
2:    9     22        1
3:   27    235      121        1
4:   81   1996     3446      620        1
5:  243  15349    63854    40314     3119       1
6:  729 112546   963327  1434812   422087   15618     1
7: 2187 806047 12960063 37898739 26672209 4157997 78117 1
...
row n=8: 6561 5705752 162711868 840642408 1151050534 442372648 39531132 390616 1,
row n=9: 19683 40156777 1955297356 16677432820 39523450714 29742429982 6818184988 367889284 1953115 1.
... - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Apr 12 2017
		

Links

• Peter Luschny, Generalized Eulerian polynomials.
• Zhe Wang and Zhi-Yong Zhu, The spiral property of q-Eulerian numbers of type B, The Australasian Journal of Combinatorics, Volume 87(1) (2023), Pages 198-202. See p. 199.

Crossrefs

Coefficients of A_{n,1}(x) = A008292, coefficients of A_{n,2}(x) = A060187, coefficients of A_{n,3}(x) = A225117. A123125, A225467, A225469, A225473.

Programs

Maple

gf := proc(n, k) local f; f := (x,t) -> x*exp(t*x/k)/(1-x*exp(t*x));
series(f(x,t), t, n+2); ((1-x)/x)^(n+1)*k^n*n!*coeff(%, t, n):
collect(simplify(%), x) end:
seq(print(seq(coeff(gf(n, 4), x, n-k), k=0..n)), n=0..6);
# Recurrence:
P := proc(n,x) option remember; if n = 0 then 1 else
  (n*x+(1/4)*(1-x))*P(n-1,x)+x*(1-x)*diff(P(n-1,x),x);
  expand(%) fi end:
A225117 := (n,k) -> 4^n*coeff(P(n,x),x,n-k):
seq(print(seq(A225117(n,k), k=0..n)), n=0..5);  # Peter Luschny, Mar 08 2014

Mathematica

gf[n_, k_] := Module[{f, s}, f[x_, t_] := x*Exp[t*x/k]/(1-x*Exp[t*x]); s = Series[f[x, t], {t, 0, n+2}]; ((1-x)/x)^(n+1)*k^n*n!*SeriesCoefficient[s, {t, 0, n}]]; Table[Table[SeriesCoefficient[gf[n, 4], {x, 0, n-k}], {k, 0, n}], {n, 0, 8}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 27 2014, after Maple *)

Sage

@CachedFunction
def EB(n, k, x):  # Modified cardinal B-splines
    if n == 1: return 0 if (x < 0) or (x >= 1) else 1
    return k*x*EB(n-1, k, x) + k*(n-x)*EB(n-1, k, x-1)
def EulerianPolynomial(n, k): # Generalized Eulerian polynomials
    R. = ZZ[]
    if x == 0: return 1
    return add(EB(n+1, k, m+1/k)*x^m for m in (0..n))
[EulerianPolynomial(n, 4).coefficients()[::-1] for n in (0..5)]

Formula

G.f. of the polynomials is gf(n, k) = k^n*n!*(1/x-1)^(n+1)[t^n](x*e^(t*x/k)*(1-x*e(t*x))^(-1)) for k = 4; here [t^n]f(t,x) is the coefficient of t^n in f(t,x).

From Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 12 2017 : (Start)

E.g.f. of row polynomials (rising powers of x): (1-x)*exp(3*(1-x)*z)/(1-y*exp(4*(1-x)*z)), i.e. e.g.f. of the triangle.

E.g.f. for the row polynomials with falling powers of x (A_{n, 4}(x) of the name): (1-x)*exp((1-x)*z)/(1 - x*exp(4*(1-x)*z)).

T(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^(k-j) * binomial(n+1,k-j) * (3+4*j)^n, 0 <= k <= n.

Recurrence: T(n, k) = (4*(n-k) + 1)*T(n-1, k-1) + (3 + 4*k)*T(n-1, k), n >= 1, with T(n, -1) = 0, T(0, 0) = 1 and T(n, k) = 0 for n < k. (End)

In terms of Euler's triangle = A123125: T(n, k) = Sum_{m=0..n} (binomial(n, m)*3^(n-m)*4^m*Sum_{p=0..k} (-1)^(k-p)*binomial(n-m, k-p)*A123125(m, p)), 0 <= k <= n. - Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 13 2017