A292219 Triangle read by rows. A generalization of unsigned Lah numbers, called L[4,3].

1, 6, 1, 60, 20, 1, 840, 420, 42, 1, 15120, 10080, 1512, 72, 1, 332640, 277200, 55440, 3960, 110, 1, 8648640, 8648640, 2162160, 205920, 8580, 156, 1, 259459200, 302702400, 90810720, 10810800, 600600, 16380, 210, 1, 8821612800, 11762150400, 4116752640, 588107520, 40840800, 1485120, 28560, 272, 1

Offset: 0

Author

Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 23 2017

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl
• easy

Comments

For the general L[d,a] triangles see A286724, also for references.

This is the generalized signless Lah number triangle L[4,3], the Sheffer triangle ((1 - 4*t)^(-3/2), t/(1 - 4*t)). It is defined as transition matrix

risefac[4,3](x, n) = Sum_{m=0..n} L[4,3](n, m)*fallfac[4,3](x, m), where risefac[4,3](x, n) := Product_{0..n-1} (x + (3 + 4*j)) for n >= 1 and risefac[4,3](x, 0) := 1, and fallfac[4,3](x, n):= Product_{0..n-1} (x - (3 + 4*j)) for n >= 1 and fallfac[4,3](x, 0) := 1.

In matrix notation: L[4,3] = S1phat[4,3]*S2hat[4,3] with the unsigned scaled Stirling1 and the scaled Stirling2 generalizations A225471 and A225469, respectively.

The a- and z-sequences for this Sheffer matrix have e.g.f.s Ea(t) = 1 + 4*t and Ez(t) = (1 + 4*t)*(1 - (1 + 4*t)^(-3/2))/t, respectively. That is, a = {1, 4, repeat(0)} and z(n) = 2*A292221(n). See the W. Lang link on a- and z-sequences there.

The inverse matrix T^(-1) = L^(-1)[4,3] is Sheffer ((1 + 4*t)^(-3/2), t/(1 + 4*t)). This means that T^(-1)(n, m) = (-1)^(n-m)*T(n, m).

fallfac[4,3](x, n) = Sum_{m=0..n} (-1)^(n-m)*T(n, m)*risefac[4,3](x, m), n >= 0.

Diagonal sequences have o.g.f. G(d, x) = A001813(d)*Sum_{m=0..d} A103327(d, m)*x^m/(1 - x)^(2*d + 1), for d >= 0 (d=0 main diagonal). G(d, x) generates {A001813(d)*binomial(2*(m + d) + 1, 2*d)}{m >= 0}. See the second W. Lang link on how to compute o.g.f.s of diagonal sequences of general Sheffer triangles. - _Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 12 2017

Examples

			The triangle T(n, m) begins:
  n\m          0           1          2         3        4       5     6   7  8
  0:           1
  1:           6           1
  2:          60          20          1
  3:         840         420         42         1
  4:       15120       10080       1512        72        1
  5:      332640      277200      55440      3960      110       1
  6:     8648640     8648640    2162160    205920     8580     156     1
  7:   259459200   302702400   90810720  10810800   600600   16380   210   1
  8:  8821612800 11762150400 4116752640 588107520 40840800 1485120 28560 272  1
  ...
Recurrence from a-sequence: T(4, 2) = (4/2)*T(3, 1) + 4*4*T(3, 2) = 2*420 + 16*42 = 1512.
Recurrence from z-sequence: T(4, 0) = 4*(z(0)*T(3, 0) + z(1)*T(3, 1) + z(2)*T(3, 2)+ z(3)*T(3, 3)) = 4*(6*840 - 6*420 + 40*42 -420*1) = 15120.
Meixner type identity for n = 2: (D_x - 4*(D_x)^2)*(60 + 20*x + 1*x^2 ) = (20 + 2*x) - 4*2 = 2*(6 + x).
Sheffer recurrence for R(3, x): [(6 + x) + 8*(3 + x)*D_x + 16*x*(D_x)^2] (60 + 20*x + 1*x^2) = (6 + x)*(60 + 20*x + x^2) + 8*(3 + x)*(20 + 2*x) + 16*2*x = 840 + 420*x + 42*x^2 + x^3 = R(3, x).
Boas-Buck recurrence for column m = 2 with n = 4: T(4, 2) = (2*4!/2)*(3 + 2*2)*(1*42/3! + 4*1/2!) = 1512.
Diagonal sequence d = 2: {60, 420, 1512, ...} has o.g.f. 12*(5 + 10*x + x^2)/(1 - x)^5 (see A001813(2) and row n=2 of A103327) generating {12*binomial(2*(m + 2) + 1, 4)}_{m >= 0}. - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Oct 12 2017
		

References

• Steven Roman, The Umbral Calculus, Academic press, Orlando, London, 1984, p. 50.

Links

• Wolfdieter Lang, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1325
• Wolfdieter Lang, On Sums of Powers of Arithmetic Progressions, and Generalized Stirling, Eulerian and Bernoulli Numbers, arXiv:math/1707.04451 [math.NT], July 2017, section C) 4.
• Wolfdieter Lang, On Generating functions of Diagonal Sequences of Sheffer and Riordan Number Triangles, arXiv:1708.01421 [math.NT], August 2017.

Crossrefs

Cf. A225469, A225471, A271703 L[1,0], A286724 L[2,1], A290596 L[3,1], A290597 L[3,2], A048854 L[4,1], A292221, A103327,

Diagonal sequences: A000012, 2*A014105(m+1), 12*A053126(m+4), 120*A053128(m+6), A053130(n+8), ... - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 12 2017

Formula

T(n, m) = L[4,3](n,m) = Sum_{k=m..n} A225471(n, k)*A225469(k, m), 0 <= m <= n.

E.g.f. of row polynomials R(n, x) := Sum_{m=0..n} T(n, m)*x^m:

(1 - 4*t)^(-3/2)*exp(x*t/(1 - 4*t)) (this is the e.g.f. for the triangle).

E.g.f. of column m: (1 - 4*t)^(-3/2)*(t/(1 - 4*t))^m/m!, m >= 0.

Three term recurrence for column entries k >= 1: T(n, m) = (n/m)*T(n-1, m-1) + 4*n*T(n-1, m) with T(n, m) = 0 for n < m, and for the column m = 0: T(n, 0) = n*Sum_{j=0}^(n-1) z(j)*T(n-1, j), n >= 1, T(0, 0) = 0, from the a-sequence {1, 4 repeat(0)} and z(j) = 2*A292221(j) (see above).

Four term recurrence: T(n, m) = T(n-1, m-1) + 2*(4*n - 1)*T(n-1, m) - 8*(n-1)*(2*n - 1)*T(n-2, m), n >= m >= 0, with T(0, 0) =1, T(-1, m) = 0, T(n, -1) = 0 and T(n, m) = 0 if n < m.

Meixner type identity for (monic) row polynomials: (D_x/(1 + 4*D_x)) * R(n, x) = n * R(n-1, x), n >= 1, with R(0, x) = 1 and D_x = d/dx. That is, Sum_{k=0..n-1} (-4)^k*{D_x)^(k+1)*R(n, x) = n*R(n-1, x), n >= 1.

General recurrence for Sheffer row polynomials (see the Roman reference, p. 50, Corollary 3.7.2, rewritten for the present Sheffer notation):

R(n, x) = [(6 + x)*1 + 8*(3 + x)*D_x + 16*x*(D_x)^2]*R(n-1, x), n >= 1, with R(0, x) = 1.

Boas-Buck recurrence for column m (see a comment in A286724 with references): T(n, m) = (2*n!/(n-m))*(3 + 2*m)*Sum_{p=0..n-1-m} 4^p*T(n-1-p, m)/(n-1-p)!, for n > m >= 0, with input T(m, m) = 1.

Explicit form (from the o.g.f.s of diagonal sequences): ((2*(n-m))!/(n-m)!)*binomial(2*n + 1, 2*(n-m)), n >= m >= 0, and vanishing for n < m. - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 12 2017