A296181 First point of the discrete Theodorus spiral in the fourth quadrant for the n-th revolution, for n >= 1.

12, 44, 95, 166, 256, 367, 497, 647, 816, 1006, 1215, 1444, 1692, 1961, 2249, 2557, 2884, 3231, 3598, 3985, 4392, 4818, 5264, 5730, 6215, 6720, 7245, 7790

Offset: 1

Author

Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 05 2018

Keywords

• nonn
• more

Comments

This sequence is used in a conjecture on points z_k of the discrete (outer) Theodorus spiral living on quadrant IV of the complex plane of sheet S_n, where S_n := {r*exp(i*phi), r > 0, 2*Pi*(n-1) <= phi < 2*Pi*n}. This corresponds to the n-th revolution, for n >= 1.

This conjecture is 2*Pi - varphi(A072895(n)) > arctan(a(n)), n >= 1, with varphi(k) = phi(k) - 2*Pi*floor(phi(k)/(2*Pi)) where z_k = sqrt(k)*exp(i*phi(k)).

This conjecture implies a conjecture relating points of the discrete inner spiral to those of the outer ones, namely Khat(k-2) := floor(phihat(k-2)/(2*Pi)) = K(k) =: floor(phi(k)/(2*Pi)) for k >= 3, where zhat_k = sqrt(k)*exp(i*phihat(k)) is a point of the discrete inner Theodorus spiral, given in terms of z_k by zhat(k) = ((k-1 + 2*sqrt(k)*i )/(k+1))*z_k. This implies phihat(k) = phi(k) + arctan((sqrt(k-1) - sqrt(k-2))/(1 + sqrt((k-1)*(k-2)))). The implied conjecture Khat(k-2) = K(k), k >= 3, for the other three quadrants of each sheet S_n can be proved. For the inner spiral see the Waldvogel link.

If the implied conjecture is true then A295339(n) = A072895(n) - 2, for n >= 1, hence A296179(n) = A295338(n), for n >= 2.

For the conjecture and the proof for the first three quadrants for each sheet S_n see the W. Lang link. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 24 2018

Examples

			a(1) = 12 because phi(11) - 3*Pi/2 is about -0.1869017440 (Maple 10 digits), that is, KIV(11) = -1 + 1 = 0 (not n = 1) but phi(12) - 3*Pi/2 is about +0.1059410277, that is, KIV(12) = 0 + 1 = 1 (on sheet S_1).
a(2) = 44 because  phi(43) - 3*Pi/2 is about 6.270091849, that is KIV(43) = 0 + 1 = 1 (not n = 2) but varphi(44) - 3*Pi/2 is about 6.421424486, that is KIV(44) = 1 + 1 = 2 (on sheet S_2).
		

Links

• Wolfdieter Lang, Notes on the Discrete Theodorus Spiral
• Joerg Waldvogel, Analytic Continuation of the Theodorus Spiral.

Crossrefs

Cf. A072895, A295338, A295339, A296179.

Formula

a(n) is the smallest index k for which KIV(k) = n, with KIV(k):= floor((phi(k) - 3*Pi/2)/(2*Pi)) + 1, for k >= 1, where phi(k) is the polar angle of the point z_k = sqrt(n)*exp(i*phi(k)) of the (outer) discrete Theodorus spiral.