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A307434 a(n) is the smallest k such that the p-rank of (Z/kZ)* is 2, where p = prime(n) and (Z/kZ)* is the multiplicative group of integers modulo n.

%I A307434 #19 Feb 21 2021 10:42:17
%S A307434 8,63,275,1247,1541,4187,14111,43739,6533,13747,116003,33227,61337,
%T A307434 74563,186497,79501,586343,269011,432821,485357,128627,451091,83333,
%U A307434 191351,377719,491063,638189,551051,2617309,359341,1164083,206981,902831,929633,2134277
%N A307434 a(n) is the smallest k such that the p-rank of (Z/kZ)* is 2, where p = prime(n) and (Z/kZ)* is the multiplicative group of integers modulo n.
%C A307434 The p-rank of a finite abelian group G is equal to log_p(#{x belongs to G : x^p = 1}) where p is a prime number. By definition, a(n) is the smallest k such that x^p == 1 (mod k) has exactly p^2 solutions, p = prime(n).
%C A307434 a(n) exists for all n: by Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, there exists a primes q congruent to 1 modulo p, in which case C_p X C_p is a subgroup of (Z/(q*p^2)Z)*, p = prime(n).
%C A307434 a(n) is the smallest k such that C_p X C_p is a subgroup of (Z/kZ)*, p = prime(n).
%C A307434 Also, a(n) is the smallest k such that there exists some x, y such that ord(x,k) = ord(y,k) = prime(n) and the set of powers of x and the set of powers of y modulo k have trivial intersection {1}, where ord(x,k) is the multiplicative order of x modulo k.
%C A307434 Let p, q be odd primes, then (Z/(q^e)Z)* has p-rank 1 if q == 1 (mod p), or q = p and e >= 2; 0 otherwise. As a result, for n >= 2, a(n) is of the form (q_1)*(q_2) or (q_1)*p^2 where q_1 and q_2 are the smallest two primes congruent to 1 modulo prime(n).
%C A307434 It seems that for n >= 4, a(n) is not divisible by prime(n)^2, that is, there exists at least two primes that are smaller than prime(n)^2 and congruent to 1 modulo prime(n).
%H A307434 Jianing Song, <a href="/A307434/b307434.txt">Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000</a>
%H A307434 Jianing Song, <a href="/A307434/a307434.txt">Factorization of a(n) for n = 4..10000</a>
%H A307434 Wikipedia, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group_of_integers_modulo_n ">Multiplicative group of integers modulo n</a>
%F A307434 a(1) = 8; a(n) = A307436(prime(n)) for n >= 2.
%e A307434 (Z/8Z)* = C_2 X C_2, in which the solutions to x^2 == 1 (mod 8) are x == 1, 3, 5, 7 (mod 8) (4 solutions);
%e A307434 (Z/63Z)* = C_6 X C_6, in which the solutions to x^3 == 1 (mod 63) are x == 1, 4, 16, 22, 25, 37, 43, 46, 58 (mod 63) (9 solutions);
%e A307434 (Z/275Z)* = C_10 X C_20, in which the solutions to x^5 == 1 (mod 275) are x == 1, 16, 26, 31, 36, 56, 71, 81, 86, 91, 111, 126, 136, 141, 146, 166, 181, 191, 196, 201, 221, 236, 246, 251, 256 (mod 275) (25 solutions).
%o A307434 (PARI) a(n) = if(n==1, 8, my(p=prime(n), i=0, q=0); for(k=1, +oo, if(isprime(2*k*p+1), i++; if(i==1, q=2*k*p+1)); if(i==2, return(q*min(p^2, 2*k*p+1)))))
%Y A307434 Cf. A307436, A035095.
%K A307434 nonn
%O A307434 1,1
%A A307434 _Jianing Song_, Apr 08 2019