A321479 Regular triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the period of {A316269(k,m)} modulo n, 0 <= k <= n - 1.

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 3, 4, 6, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5, 10, 3, 4, 6, 6, 12, 6, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 14, 3, 4, 6, 8, 6, 4, 6, 8, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 9, 12, 18, 3, 4, 6, 10, 30, 6, 12, 6, 15, 10, 3, 4, 6, 11, 5, 10, 12, 12, 5, 10, 22, 3, 4, 6, 12, 12, 12, 6, 4, 6, 12, 12, 12, 3

Offset: 1

Author

Jianing Song, Nov 11 2018

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl

Comments

The period of {A316269(k,m)} modulo n is the smallest l such that A316269(k,m) == A316269(k,m+l) (mod n) for every m >= 0. Clearly, T(n,k) is divisible by A321478(n,k). Actually, the ratio is always 1 or 2.

Though {A316269(0,m)} is not defined, it can be understood as the sequence 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, ... So the first column of each row (apart from the first and second ones) is always 4.

Though {A316269(1,m)} is not defined, it can be understood as the sequence 0, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, 0, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, ... So the second column of each row (apart from the second one) is always 6.

T(n,k) is the LCM of A321478(n,k) and the multiplicative order of (k + sqrt(k^2 - 4))/2 modulo n, where the multiplicative order of u modulo z is the smallest positive integer l such that (u^l - 1)/z is an algebraic integer.

Examples

			Table begins
  1;
  2,  3;
  4,  6,  3;
  4,  6,  4,  3;
  4,  6,  5, 10,  3;
  4,  6,  6, 12,  6,  3;
  4,  6,  7,  8,  8, 14,  3;
  4,  6,  8,  6,  4,  6,  8,  3;
  4,  6,  9, 12, 18,  9, 12, 18,  3;
  4,  6, 10, 30,  6, 12,  6, 15, 10,  3;
  ...
		

Crossrefs

Cf. A316269, A321478 (ranks).

Programs

PARI

A316269(k, m) = ([k, -1; 1, 0]^m)[2, 1]
T(n, k) = my(i=1); while(A316269(k, i)%n!=0||(A316269(k, i+1)-1)%n!=0, i++); i

Formula

Let p be a prime >= 5. (i) If ((k+2)/p) = 1, then T(p^e,k) is divisible by p^(e-1)*(p - ((k-2)/p))/2. Here (a/p) is the Legendre symbol (ii) If ((k+2)/p) = 1, then T(p^e,k) is divisible by p^(e-1)*(p + ((k-2)/p)), but not divisible by p^(e-1)*(p + ((k-2)/p))/2. (iii) If p divides k - 2, then T(p^e,k) = p^e. (iv) If p divides k + 2, then T(p^e,k) = 2*p^e.

if p == 1 (mod 4), then T(p^e,k) is divisible by p^(e-1)*(p - 1), and T(p^e,k) is even; if p == 3 (mod 4), then T(p^e,k) is divisible by p^(e-1)*(p - 1) but not divisible by p^(e-1)*(p - 1)/2. Here (a/p) is the Legendre symbol. (ii) If ((k^2+4)/p) = -1, then T(p^e,k) is divisible by 2*p^(e-1)*(p + 1) but not divisible by p^(e-1)*(p + 1). (iii) If k^2 + 4 is divisible by p, then T(p^e,k) = 4*p^e.

For e >= 2 and k > 1, T(2^e,k) = 3*2^(e-v(k^2-1,2)+1) for odd k and 2^(e-v(k,2)+1) for even k, where v(k,2) is the 2-adic valuation of k.

For e > 0 and k > 1, T(3^e,k) = 4*3^(e-v(k,3)) for k divisible by 3, 2*3^(e-v(k-1,3)+1) for k == 1 (mod 3) and 3^(e-v(k+1,3)+1) for k == 2 (mod 3).

If gcd(n_1,n_2) = 1, then T(n_1*n_2,k) = lcm(T(n_1,k mod n_1),T(n_2, k mod n_2)).

If p is an odd prime such that ((k+2)/p) = -1, then T(p^e,k)/A321478(p^e,k) = 2.

T(n,k) <= 3*n.