cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

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A367014 Let q be the n-th prime power (A246655), then a(n) = q^3 + q^2 - q; number of solutions to x*y = z*w in the finite field F_q.

Original entry on oeis.org

10, 33, 76, 145, 385, 568, 801, 1441, 2353, 4336, 5185, 7201, 12673, 16225, 20385, 25201, 30721, 33760, 51985, 70561, 81313, 105985, 120001, 151633, 208801, 230641, 266176, 305185, 362881, 394273, 499201, 537921, 578593, 712801, 921985, 1040401, 1103233, 1236385, 1306801
Offset: 1

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Author

Jianing Song, Nov 01 2023

Keywords

Comments

The number of solutions to x*y = z*w in F_q is Sum_{t in F_q} (number of solutions to x*y = t)^2. The number of solutions to x*y = 0 is 2*q-1, and the number of solutions to x*y = t for t != 0 is q-1, the number of units in F_q. So the total number is (2*q-1)^2 + (q-1)^2*(q-1) = q^3 + q^2 - q.
If q is odd, then a(n) is also the number of solutions to x^2 + y^2 = z^2 + w^2 in the finite field F_q.
Proof 1: the number is Sum_{t in F_q} (number of solutions to x^2 - z^2 = t)^2. For odd q, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the solutions to x*y = t and the solutions to x^2 - y^2 = t.
Proof 2: the number is Sum_{t in F_q} (number of solutions to x^2 + y^2 = t)^2. The number of solutions to x^2 + y^2 = 0 is 2*q-1 if q == 1 (mod 4) and 1 if q == 3 (mod 4), and the number of solutions to x^2 + y^2 = t for t != 0 is q-1 if q == 1 (mod 4) and q+1 if q == 3 (mod 4) (see A367013). So the total number is (2*q-1)^2 + (q-1)^2*(q-1) = q^3 + q^2 - q for q == 1 (mod 4) and 1^2 + (q+1)^2*(q-1) = q^3 + q^2 - q for q == 3 (mod 4).

Examples

			For q = A246655(3) = 4, we see that in F_4 = F_2(t), where t^2 + t + 1 = 0:
 - x*y = z*w = 0 has 7 solutions for the pair (x,y) and 7 solutions for the pair (z,w);
 - x*y = z*w = 1 has 3 solutions for the pair (x,y) and 3 solutions for the pair (z,w);
 - x*y = z*w = t has 3 solutions for the pair (x,y) and 3 solutions for the pair (z,w);
 - x*y = z*w = 1+t has 3 solutions for the pair (x,y) and 3 solutions for the pair (z,w),
so a(4) = 7*7 + 3*3*3 = 76.
		

Crossrefs

Cf. A246655, A101455 ({kronecker(-4,n)}).

Programs

  • Mathematica
    Map[#^3+#^2-#&,Select[Range[200],PrimePowerQ]] (* Paolo Xausa, Nov 26 2023 *)
  • PARI
    lim_A367014(N) = for(n=2, N, if(isprimepower(n), print1(n^3 + n^2 - n, ", ")))
    
  • Python
    from sympy import primepi, integer_nthroot
    def A367014(n):
        def bisection(f,kmin=0,kmax=1):
            while f(kmax) > kmax: kmax <<= 1
            while kmax-kmin > 1:
                kmid = kmax+kmin>>1
                if f(kmid) <= kmid:
                    kmax = kmid
                else:
                    kmin = kmid
            return kmax
        def f(x): return int(n+x-sum(primepi(integer_nthroot(x,k)[0]) for k in range(1,x.bit_length())))
        return (m:=bisection(f,n,n))*(m*(m+1)-1) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 19 2025
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