A103377 a(1)=a(2)=...=a(10)=1, a(n)=a(n-9)+a(n-10).

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 21, 27, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 38, 48, 58, 63, 64, 64, 64, 64, 65, 71, 86, 106, 121, 127, 128, 128, 128, 129, 136, 157, 192, 227

Offset: 1

Author

Jonathan Vos Post, Feb 15 2005

Keywords

• easy
• nonn

Comments

k=9 case of the family of sequences whose k=1 case is the Fibonacci sequence A000045, k=2 case is the Padovan sequence A000931 (offset so as to begin 1,1,1), k=3 case is A079398 (offset so as to begin 1,1,1,1), k=4 case is A103372, k=5 case is A103373, k=6 case is A103374, k=7 case is A103375, k=8 case is A103376, k=10 case is A103378 and k=11 case is A103379. The general case for integer k>1 is defined: a(1) = a(2) = ... = a(k+1)= 1 and for n>(k+1) a(n) = a(n-k) + a(n-[k+1]). For this k=9 case, the ratio of successive terms a(n)/a(n-1) approaches the unique positive root of the characteristic polynomial: x^10 - x - 1 = 0. This is the real constant (to 50 digits accuracy): 1.0757660660868371580595995241652758206925302476392 = A230163. Note that x = (1 + x)^(1/10) = (1 + (1 + (1 + ...)^(1/10))^(1/10))^(1/10). The sequence of prime values in this k=9 case is A103387; The sequence of semiprime values in this k=9 case is A103397.

In analogy to the Fibonacci sequence, one might prefer to start this sequence with offset 0. - M. F. Hasler, Sep 19 2015

Examples

			a(83) = 257 because a(83) = a(83-9) + a(83-10). a(74) + a(73) = 129 + 128. This sequence has as elements 5, 17 and 257, which are all Fermat Primes.
		

References

• A. J. van Zanten, The golden ratio in the arts of painting, building and mathematics, Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, vol 17 no 2 (1999) 229-245.

Links

• J.-P. Allouche and T. Johnson, Narayana's cows and delayed morphisms, in G. Assayag, M. Chemillier, and C. Eloy, Troisièmes Journées d'Informatique Musicale, JIM '96, Île de Tatihou, France, 1996, pp. 2-7. [The hal link does not always work. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Feb 19 2025]
• J.-P. Allouche and T. Johnson, Narayana's cows and delayed morphisms, in G. Assayag, M. Chemillier, and C. Eloy, Troisièmes Journées d'Informatique Musicale, JIM '96, Île de Tatihou, France, 1996, pp. 2-7. [Local copy with annotations and a correction from _N. J. A. Sloane_, Feb 19 2025]
• Richard Padovan, Dom Hans Van Der Laan And The Plastic Number.
• E. S. Selmer, On the irreducibility of certain trinomials, Math. Scand., 4 (1956) 291-306
• J. Shallit, A generalization of automatic sequences, Theoretical Computer Science, 61(1988)1-16.
• Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1).

Crossrefs

Cf. A000045, A000931, A079398, A103372-A103376, A103378-A103380, A103387, A103397.

Programs

Mathematica

LinearRecurrence[{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, 90] (* Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 11 2013 *)

PARI

Vec((1+x+x^2)*(1+x^3+x^6)/(1-x^9-x^10)+O(x^99)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 11 2013

Formula

a(1) = a(2) = a(3) = a(4) = a(5) = a(6) = a(7) = a(8) = a(9) = a(10) = 1 and for n>10: a(n) = a(n-9) + a(n-10).

O.g.f.: -x*(x^2+x+1)*(x^6+x^3+1)/(-1+x^9+x^10). - R. J. Mathar, May 02 2008

Extensions

Edited by R. J. Mathar, May 02 2008

Edited by M. F. Hasler, Sep 19 2015