A129158 Number of primitive non-Dyck factors in all skew Dyck paths of semilength n.

0, 0, 1, 5, 22, 96, 422, 1871, 8360, 37610, 170222, 774561, 3541487, 16263250, 74981226, 346957923, 1610847944, 7501970397, 35038158569, 164083453482, 770312822822, 3624741537711, 17093452878067, 80773023036909

Offset: 0

Author

Emeric Deutsch, Apr 02 2007

Keywords

• nonn

Comments

A skew Dyck path is a path in the first quadrant which begins at the origin, ends on the x-axis, consists of steps U=(1,1)(up), D=(1,-1)(down) and L=(-1,-1)(left) so that up and left steps do not overlap. The length of the path is defined to be the number of its steps. A primitive non-Dyck factor is a subpath of the form UPD, P being a skew Dyck path with at least one L step, or of the form UPL, P being any nonempty skew Dyck path.

Examples

			a(2)=1 because in all skew Dyck paths of semilength 3, namely UDUD, UUDD and (UUDL), we have altogether 1 primitive non-Dyck factor (shown between parentheses).
		

Links

• G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
• E. Deutsch, E. Munarini, S. Rinaldi, Skew Dyck paths, J. Stat. Plann. Infer. 140 (8) (2010) 2191-2203

Crossrefs

Cf. A129157, A129156, A128742.

Programs

Maple

G:=(1-5*z+3*(1-z)*sqrt(1-4*z)-3*sqrt(1-6*z+5*z^2)-sqrt((1-4*z)*(1-6*z+5*z^2)))/(1+z+sqrt(1-6*z+5*z^2))^2: Gser:=series(G,z=0,32): seq(coeff(Gser,z,n),n=0..27);

Mathematica

CoefficientList[Series[(1-5*x+3*(1-x)*Sqrt[1-4*x]-3*Sqrt[1-6*x+5*x^2]-Sqrt[(1-4*x)*(1-6*x+5*x^2)])/(1+x+Sqrt[1-6*x+5*x^2])^2, {x, 0, 20}], x] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Mar 20 2014 *)

PARI

z='z+O('z^25); concat([0,0], Vec((1-5*z+3*(1-z)*sqrt(1-4*z)-3*sqrt(1-6*z+5*z^2) - sqrt((1-4*z)*(1-6*z+5*z^2))) /(1+z+ sqrt(1-6*z+5*z^2) )^2)) \\ G. C. Greubel, Feb 09 2017

Formula

a(n) = Sum_{k=0,..,n} k*A129157(n,k).

a(n) = A128742(n) - A129156(n).

G.f.: (1-5*z+3*(1-z)*sqrt(1-4*z)-3*sqrt(1-6*z+5*z^2) - sqrt((1-4*z)*(1-6*z+5*z^2)))/(1+z+sqrt(1-6*z+5*z^2))^2.

a(n) ~ (3*sqrt(5)+5) * 5^(1+n) / (36*sqrt(Pi)*n^(3/2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Mar 20 2014