A143496 4-Stirling numbers of the second kind.

1, 4, 1, 16, 9, 1, 64, 61, 15, 1, 256, 369, 151, 22, 1, 1024, 2101, 1275, 305, 30, 1, 4096, 11529, 9751, 3410, 545, 39, 1, 16384, 61741, 70035, 33621, 7770, 896, 49, 1, 65536, 325089, 481951, 305382, 95781, 15834, 1386, 60, 1, 262144, 1690981, 3216795

Offset: 4

Author

Peter Bala, Aug 20 2008

Keywords

• easy
• nonn
• tabl

Comments

This is the case r = 4 of the r-Stirling numbers of the second kind. The 4-Stirling numbers of the second kind count the ways of partitioning the set {1,2,...,n} into k nonempty disjoint subsets with the restriction that the elements 1, 2, 3 and 4 belong to distinct subsets. For remarks on the general case see A143494 (r = 2). The corresponding array of 4-Stirling numbers of the first kind is A143493. The theory of r-Stirling numbers of both kinds is developed in [Broder]. For 4-Lah numbers refer to A143499.

From Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 29 2011: (Start)

T(n,k) = S(n,k,4), n >= k >= 4, in Mikhailov's first paper, eq.(28) or (A3). E.g.f. column k from (A20) with k->4, r->k. Therefore, with offset [0,0], this triangle is the Sheffer triangle (exp(4*x),exp(x)-1) with e.g.f. of column no. m >= 0: exp(4*x)*((exp(x)-1)^m)/m!. See one of the formulas given below. For Sheffer matrices see the W. Lang link under A006232 with the S. Roman reference, also found in A132393.

(End)

Examples

			Triangle begins
n\k|.....4.....5.....6.....7.....8.....9
========================================
4..|.....1
5..|.....4.....1
6..|....16.....9.....1
7..|....64....61....15.....1
8..|...256...369...151....22.....1
9..|..1024..2101..1275...305....30.....1
...
T(6,5) = 9. The set {1,2,3,4,5,6} can be partitioned into five subsets such that 1, 2, 3 and 4 belong to different subsets in 9 ways: {{1,5}{2}{3}{4}{6}}, {{1,6}{2}{3}{4}{5}}, {{2,5}{1}{3}{4}{6}}, {{2,6}{1}{3}{4}{5}}, {{3,5}{1}{2}{4}{6}}, {{3,6}{1}{2}{4}{5}}, {{4,5}{1}{2}{3}{6}}, {{4,6}{1}{2}{3}{5}} and {{5,6}{1}{2}{3}{4}}.
		

Links

• Andrei Z. Broder, The r-Stirling numbers, Report Number: CS-TR-82-949, Stanford University, Department of Computer Science; see also, Discrete Math. 49, 241-259 (1984).
• Askar Dzhumadil'daev and Damir Yeliussizov, Path decompositions of digraphs and their applications to Weyl algebra, arXiv preprint arXiv:1408.6764v1 [math.CO], 2014. [Version 1 contained many references to the OEIS, which were removed in Version 2. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Mar 28 2015]
• Askar Dzhumadil'daev and Damir Yeliussizov, Walks, partitions, and normal ordering, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 22(4) (2015), #P4.10.
• Paweł Hitczenko, A class of polynomial recurrences resulting in (n/log n, n/log^2 n)-asymptotic normality, arXiv:2403.03422 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 8.
• V. V. Mikhailov, Ordering of some boson operator functions, J. Phys A: Math. Gen. 16 (1983) 3817-3827.
• V. V. Mikhailov, Normal ordering and generalised Stirling numbers, J. Phys A: Math. Gen. 18 (1985) 231-235.
• Erich Neuwirth, Recursively defined combinatorial functions: Extending Galton's board, Discrete Math. 239 No. 1-3, 33-51 (2001)
• Lily L. Liu and Yi Wang, A unified approach to polynomial sequences with only real zeros, arXiv:math/0509207 [math.CO], 2005-2006.
• Michael J. Schlosser and Meesue Yoo, Elliptic Rook and File Numbers, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 24(1) (2017), #P1.31.

Crossrefs

Cf. A003468 (column 7), A005060 (column 5), A008277, A016103 (column 6), A045379 (row sums), A049459 (matrix inverse), A143493, A143494, A143495, A143499.

Programs

Maple

with combinat: T := (n, k) -> 1/(k-4)!*add ((-1)^(k-i)*binomial(k-4,i)*(i+4)^(n-4),i = 0..k-4): for n from 4 to 13 do seq(T(n, k), k = 4..n) end do;

Mathematica

t[n_, k_] := StirlingS2[n, k] - 6*StirlingS2[n-1, k] + 11*StirlingS2[n-2, k] - 6*StirlingS2[n-3, k]; Flatten[ Table[ t[n, k], {n, 4, 13}, {k, 4, n}]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 02 2011 *)

Formula

T(n+4,k+4) = (1/k!)*Sum_{i = 0..k} (-1)^(k-i)*C(k,i)*(i+4)^n, n,k >= 0.

T(n,k) = Stirling2(n,k) - 6*Stirling2(n-1,k) + 11*Stirling2(n-2,k) - 6*Stirling2(n-3,k) for n,k >= 4.

Recurrence relation: T(n,k) = T(n-1,k-1) + k*T(n-1,k) for n > 4 with boundary conditions: T(n,3) = T(3,n) = 0 for all n; T(4,4) = 1; T(4,k) = 0 for k > 4. Special cases: T(n,4) = 4^(n-4); T(n,5) = 5^(n-4) - 4^(n-4).

E.g.f. (k+4)-th column (with offset 4): (1/k!)*exp(4*x)*(exp(x)-1)^k.

O.g.f. k-th column: Sum_{n>=k} T(n,k)*x^n = x^k/((1-4*x)*(1-5*x)*...*(1-k*x)).

E.g.f.: exp(4*t + x*(exp(t)-1)) = Sum_{n = 0..infinity} Sum_(k = 0..n) T(n+4,k+4)*x^k*t^n/n! = Sum_{n = 0..infinity} B_n(4;x)*t^n/n! = 1 + (4+x)*t/1! + (16+9*x+x^2)*t^2/2! + ..., where the row polynomials, B_n(4;x) := Sum_{k = 0..n} T(n+4,k+4)*x^k, may be called the 4-Bell polynomials.

Dobinski-type identities: Row polynomial B_n(4;x) = exp(-x)*Sum_{i = 0..infinity} (i+4)^n*x^i/i!; Sum_{k = 0..n} k!*T(n+4,k+4)*x^k = Sum_{i = 0..infinity} (i+4)^n*x^i/(1+x)^(i+1).

The T(n,k) are the connection coefficients between the falling factorials and the shifted monomials (x+4)^(n-4). For example, 16 + 9*x + x*(x-1) = (x+4)^2; 64 + 61*x + 15*x*(x-1) + x*(x-1)*(x-2) = (x+4)^3.

This array is the matrix product P^3 * S, where P denotes Pascal's triangle, A007318 and S denotes the lower triangular array of Stirling numbers of the second kind, A008277 (apply Theorem 10 of [Neuwirth]).

The inverse array is A049459, the signed 4-Stirling numbers of the first kind.

From Peter Bala, Sep 19 2008: (Start)

Let D be the derivative operator d/dx and E the Euler operator x*d/dx. Then x^(-4)*E^n*x^4 = Sum_{k = 0..n} T(n+4,k+4)*x^k*D^k.

The row generating polynomials R_n(x) := Sum_{k=4..n} T(n,k)*x^k satisfy the recurrence R_(n+1)(x) = x*R_n(x) + x*d/dx(R_n(x)) with R_4(x) = x^4. It follows that the polynomials R_n(x) have only real zeros (apply Corollary 1.2. of [Liu and Wang]).

Relation with the 4-Eulerian numbers E_4(n,j) := A144698(n,j): T(n,k) = 4!/k!*Sum_{j = n-k..n-4} E_4(n,j)*binomial(j,n-k) for n >= k >= 4.

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