A246639 Sequence a(n) = 3 + 5*A001519(n+1) appearing in a certain three circle touching problem, together with A246638.

8, 13, 28, 68, 173, 448, 1168, 3053, 7988, 20908, 54733, 143288, 375128, 982093, 2571148, 6731348, 17622893, 46137328, 120789088, 316229933, 827900708, 2167472188, 5674515853, 14856075368, 38893710248, 101825055373, 266581455868, 697919312228, 1827176480813, 4783610130208, 12523653909808

Offset: 0

Author

Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 01 2014

Keywords

• nonn
• easy

Comments

See the comments under A246638. The curvature c(n) defined there is c(n) = A246638(n) + (4*a(n)/5)*phi with phi = (1+sqrt(5))/2, the golden section. It lives in the quadratic number field Q(sqrt(5)). Descartes' theorem on touching circles gives c(n) = -4/5 + A(n) + A(n+1) + 2*sqrt((-4/5 )*(A(n) + A(n+1)) + A(n)*A(n+1)), with A(n) = A240926(n), n >= 0. For the proof of the first formula given below one compares this a(n) with the a(n) in c(n) given above. This uses standard Chebyshev S-polynomial identities with x = 3, like the three term recurrence and the Cassini-Simson type identity S(n, x)*S(n-2, x) = -1 + S(n-1, x)^2 (here for x=3). This implies S(n, 3)*S(n-1, 3) = (-1 + S(n, 3)^2 + S(n-1, 3)^2)/3. See also the W. Lang link in A240926, part III a).

Links

• Colin Barker, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
• Index entries for sequences related to Chebyshev polynomials.
• Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (4,-4,1).

Crossrefs

Cf. A246638, A049310, A001519, A115032.

Programs

Magma

I:=[8, 13, 28]; [n le 3 select I[n] else 4*Self(n-1) -4*Self(n-2) + Self(n-3): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Dec 20 2017

Mathematica

CoefficientList[Series[(8-19*x+8*x^2)/((1-x)*(1-3*x+x^2)), {x, 0, 50}], x] (* or *) LinearRecurrence[{4,-4,1}, {8, 13, 28}, 30] (* G. C. Greubel, Dec 20 2017 *)

PARI

Vec((8-19*x+8*x^2)/((1-x)*(1-3*x+x^2)) + O(x^30)) \\ Colin Barker, Nov 02 2016

Formula

a(n) = 3 + 5*(S(n, 3) - S(n-1, 3)) = 3 + 5*A001519(n+1), n >= 0, with Chebyshev S-polynomials (see A049310) with S(-1, x) = 0.

O.g.f.: (8-19*x+8*x^2)/((1-x)*(1-3*x+x^2)).

a(n) = 4*a(n-1) - 4*a(n-2) + a(n-3), n >=1, a(-2) = 13, a(-1) = 8, a(0) = 8.

a(n) = 2^(-1-n)*(3*2^(1+n)-(3-sqrt(5))^n*(-5+sqrt(5))+(3+sqrt(5))^n*(5+sqrt(5))). - Colin Barker, Nov 02 2016