A302711 Decimal expansion of 2*sin(15*Pi/32).

1, 9, 9, 0, 3, 6, 9, 4, 5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 9, 3, 7, 7, 2, 4, 8, 9, 6, 7, 3, 9, 0, 6, 2, 1, 8, 9, 5, 9, 8, 4, 3, 1, 5, 0, 9, 4, 9, 7, 3, 7, 4, 5, 9, 7, 1, 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 6, 7, 2, 2, 5, 9, 3, 1, 5, 6, 9, 7, 8, 0, 3, 3, 3, 7, 8, 9, 1, 7, 3, 0, 7, 5, 9, 4, 5, 0, 5, 8, 1, 6, 8, 5, 3, 9, 2, 9, 6, 7, 8, 0

Offset: 1

Author

Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 28 2018

Keywords

• nonn
• cons
• easy

Comments

This constant appears in a historic problem posed by Adriaan van Roomen (Adrianus Romanus) in his Ideae mathematicae from 1593, solved by Viète (see the Vieta link) using trigonometry. See the Havil reference, problem 1 (for a correction see below), pp. 69-74, and the Maor reference for Viète's approach, pp. 58-60.

The problem involves the monic Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind R(45, x) (R coefficients are given in A127672). The present problem was stated as R(45, x) = sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2)))) for x = sqrt(2 - sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(3))))) (see A302712). This is equivalent to R(45, 2*sin(Pi/96)) = 2*sin(15*Pi/32). It is a special case of the well known identity R(2*k+1, x) = x*(-1)^k*S(2*k, sqrt(4-x^2)), with the Chebyshev S polynomials (see A049310 for the coefficients). Take k = 22, x = 2*sin(Pi/96), and see the Havil reference, p. 71, for the proof of 2*sin(15*Pi/32) = sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2)))). [In the Havil reference on p. 69, the second to last exponent is 43 (not 41), and in the first problem, for the argument x a further +sqrt(2... is missing. In the general identity given on p. 71 a sign factor is missing. It should read, with n = 2*k+1: P_{2*k+1}(2*sin(theta)) = 2*(-1)^k*sin((2*k+1)*theta).]

For the argument x = sqrt(2 - sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(3))))) = 2*sin(Pi/96) = 0.65438165643552284... see A302712.

R(45, x) factorizes into minimal polynomials of 2*cos(Pi/k), named C(k, x), for short, C[k], with coefficients given in A187360 as follows. R(45, x) = C[90]*C[30]*C[18]*C[10]*C[6]*C[2]. See a comment in A127672.

All 45 zeros of R(45, x), which are real, are 2*cos((2*k+1)*Pi/90), for k = 0..44. See a comment in A127672.

Viète used the iteration, written in terms of R polynomials as R(45, x) = -R(3, -R(3, R(5, x))) (from the semigroup property of Chebyshev T polynomials). See the Maor reference, pp. 58-60. - Wolfdieter Lang, May 05 2018

An algebraic integer of degree 16. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 29 2022

Examples

			2*sin(15*Pi/32) = 1.990369453344393772489673906218959843150949737459714123...
		

References

• Julian Havil, The Irrationals, A Story of the Numbers You Can't Count On, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2012, pp. 69-74.
• Eli Maor, Trigonometric Delights, Princeton University Press, NJ, 1998, pp. 56-62.

Links

• Adriano Romano Lovaniensi, Ideae Mathematicae, 1593.
• Adriano Romano Lovaniensi,Ideae Mathematicae, 1593 [alternative link].
• Franciscus Vieta, Ad Problema. Quod omnibus Mathematicis totius orbis construendum proposuit Adrianus Romanus, Paris, 1595
• Index entries for sequences related to Chebyshev polynomials.
• Index entries for algebraic numbers, degree 16

Crossrefs

Cf. A049310, A127672, A179260, A187360, A272534, A302712, A302713, A302714, A302715, A302716.

Programs

Mathematica

RealDigits[2*Sin[15 Pi/32],10,120][[1]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 22 2019 *)

PARI

2*sin(15*Pi/32) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 29 2022

Formula

This constant is 2*sin(15*Pi/32) = sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2 + sqrt(2)))). (for a proof see Havil. p.71).