A326454 Irregular triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of small Schröder paths such that the area between the path and the x-axis is equal to n and contains k down-triangles.

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 5, 1, 1, 7, 5, 1, 9, 13, 1, 1, 11, 25, 8, 1, 13, 41, 28, 1, 1, 15, 61, 68, 11, 1, 17, 85, 136, 51, 1, 1, 19, 113, 240, 155, 15, 1, 21, 145, 388, 371, 86, 1, 1, 23, 181, 588, 763, 314, 19

Offset: 0

Author

Peter Bala, Jul 06 2019

Keywords

• nonn
• tabf
• easy

Comments

A227543 is the companion triangle for Dyck paths.

Number of n triangle stacks, in the sense of A224704, containing k down- triangles.

A Schröder path is a lattice path in the plane starting and ending on the x-axis, never going below the x-axis, using the steps (1,1) rise, (1,-1) fall or (2,0) flat. A small Schröder path is a Schröder path with no flat steps on the x-axis.

The area between a small Schröder path and the x-axis may be decomposed into a stack of unit area triangles; the triangles come in two types: up-triangles with vertices at the lattice points (x, y), (x+1, y+1) and (x+2, y) and down-triangles with vertices at the lattice points (x, y), (x-1, y+1) and (x+1, y+1). See the illustration in the Links section for an example.

Examples

			Triangle begins
  n\k|  0    1    2     3    4
------------------------------
   0 |  1
   1 |  1
   2 |  1
   3 |  1    1
   4 |  1    3
   5 |  1    5    1
   6 |  1    7    5
   7 |  1    9   13    1
   8 |  1   11   25    8
   9 |  1   13   41   28    1
  10 |  1   15   61   68   11
  ...
		

Links

• P. Bala, Illustration for row 5
• P. Bala, The area beneath small Schröder paths: Notes on A224704, A326453 and A326454

Crossrefs

Row sums A224704. Cf. A001003, A227543, A309086, A326453.

Formula

O.g.f. as a continued fraction: A(q,d) = 1/(2 - (1 + q)/(2 - (1 + q^3*d)/(2 - (1 + q^5*d^2)/( (...) )))) = 1 + q + q^2 + q^3*(1 + d) + q^4*(1 + 3*d) + q^5*(1 + 5*d + d^2) + ... (q marks the area, d marks down-triangles).

Other continued fractions: A(q,d) = 1/(1 - q/(1 - q^2*d - q^3*d/(1 - q^4*d^2 - q^5*d^2/(1 - q^6*d^3 - (...) )))).

A(q,d) = 1/(1 - q/(1 - (q^2*d + q^3*d)/(1 - q^5*d^2/(1 - (q^4*d^2 + q^7*d^3)/(1 - q^9*d^4/(1 - (q^6*d^3 + q^11*d^5)/(1 - q^13*d^6/( (...) )))))))).

O.g.f. as a ratio of q-series: N(q,d)/D(q,d), where N(q,d) = Sum_{n >= 0} (-1)^n*d^(n^2)*q^(2*n^2 + n)/( (1 - d*q^2)*(1 - d^2*q^4)*...*(1 - d^n*q^(2*n)) )^2 and D(q,d) = Sum_{n >= 0} (-1)^n*d^(n^2 - n)*q^(2*n^2 - n)/( (1 - d*q^2)*(1 - d^2*q^4)*...*(1 - d^n*q^(2*n)) )^2.