A335256 Irregular triangle read by rows: row n gives the coefficients of the n-th complete exponential Bell polynomial B_n(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n) with monomials sorted into standard order.

1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 6, 4, 3, 1, 1, 10, 10, 15, 5, 10, 1, 1, 15, 20, 45, 15, 60, 15, 6, 15, 10, 1, 1, 21, 35, 105, 35, 210, 105, 21, 105, 70, 105, 7, 21, 35, 1, 1, 28, 56, 210, 70, 560, 420, 56, 420, 280, 840, 105, 28, 168, 280, 210, 280, 8, 28, 56, 35, 1

Offset: 1

Author

Petros Hadjicostas, May 28 2020

Keywords

• nonn
• tabf

Comments

"Standard order" means as produced by Maple's "sort" command.

According to the Maple help files for the "sort" command, polynomials in multiple variables are "sorted in total degree with ties broken by lexicographic order (this is called graded lexicographic order)."

Thus, for example, x_1^2*x_3 = x_1*x_1*x_3 > x_1*x_2*x_2 = x_1*x_2^2, while x_1^2*x_4 = x_1*x_1*x_4 > x_1*x_2*x_3.

The number of terms in the n-th row is A000041(n), while the sum of the terms is A000110(n).

The function Bell(n,k) in the PARI program below is a modification of a similar function in the PARI help files and uses the Faà di Bruno formula (cf. A036040).

Examples

			The first few complete exponential Bell polynomials are:
(1) x[1];
(2) x[1]^2 + x[2];
(3) x[1]^3 + 3*x[1]*x[2] + x[3];
(4) x[1]^4 + 6*x[1]^2*x[2] + 4*x[1]*x[3] + 3*x[2]^2 + x[4];
(5) x[1]^5 + 10*x[1]^3*x[2] + 10*x[1]^2*x[3] + 15*x[1]*x[2]^2 + 5*x[1]*x[4] + 10*x[2]*x[3] + x[5];
(6) x[1]^6 + 15*x[1]^4*x[2] + 20*x[1]^3*x[3] + 45*x[1]^2*x[2]^2 + 15*x[1]^2*x[4] + 60*x[1]*x[2]*x[3] + 15*x[2]^3 + 6*x[1]*x[5] + 15*x[2]*x[4] + 10*x[3]^2 + x[6].
(7) x[1]^7 + 21*x[1]^5*x[2] + 35*x[1]^4*x[3] + 105*x[1]^3*x[2]^2 + 35*x[1]^3*x[4] + 210*x[1]^2*x[2]*x[3] + 105*x[1]*x[2]^3 + 21*x[1]^2*x[5] + 105*x[1]*x[2]*x[4] + 70*x[1]*x[3]^2 + 105*x[2]^2*x[3] + 7*x[1]*x[6] + 21*x[2]*x[5] + 35*x[3]*x[4] + x[7].
...
The first few rows of the triangle are
  1;
  1,  1;
  1,  3,  1;
  1,  6,  4,   3,   1;
  1, 10, 10,  15,   5,  10,   1;
  1, 15, 20,  45,  15,  60,  15,  6,  15, 10,   1;
  1, 21, 35, 105,  35, 210, 105, 21, 105, 70, 105, 7, 21, 35, 1;
  ...
		

References

• L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, pp. 134 and 307-310.
• J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, Chapter 2, Section 8 and table on page 49.

Links

• E. T. Bell, Partition polynomials, Ann. Math., 29 (1927-1928), 38-46.
• E. T. Bell, Exponential polynomials, Ann. Math., 35 (1934), 258-277.
• Peter Luschny, The Bell transform.

Crossrefs

For different versions, see A178867 and A268441.

Cf. A000041, A000110, A036040.

Programs

Maple

triangle := proc(numrows) local E, s, Q;
E := add(x[i]*t^i/i!, i=1..numrows);
s := series(exp(E), t, numrows+1);
Q := k -> sort(expand(k!*coeff(s, t, k)));
seq(print(coeffs(Q(k))), k=1..numrows) end:
triangle(8); # Peter Luschny, May 30 2020

Mathematica

imax = 10;
polys = (CoefficientList[Exp[Sum[x[i]*t^i/i!, {i, 1, imax}]] + O[t]^imax // Normal, t]*Range[0, imax-1]!) // Rest;
Table[MonomialList[polys[[i]], Array[x, i], "DegreeLexicographic"] /. x[] -> 1, {i, 1, imax-1}] // Flatten (* _Jean-François Alcover, Jun 02 2024 *)

PARI

/* It produces the partial exponential Bell polynomials in decreasing degree, but the monomials are not necessarily in standard order. */
Bell(n,k)= { my(x, v, dv, var = i->eval(Str("X", i))); v = vector(n, i, if (i==1, 'E, var(i-1))); dv = vector(n, i, if (i==1, 'X*var(1)*'E, var(i))); x = diffop('E, v, dv, n) / 'E; if (k < 0, subst(x,'X, 1), polcoeff(x, k, 'X)); };
row(n) = for(k=1, n, print1("[", Bell(n, n+1-k), "]", ","))

Formula

B_n(x[1], ..., x[n]) = Sum_{k=1..n} B_{n,k}(x[1], ..., x[n-k+1]), where B_{n,k} = B_{n,k}(x[1], ..., x[n-k+1]) are the partial exponential Bell polynomials that satisfy B_{n,1} = x[n] for n >= 1 and B_{n,k} = (1/k)*Sum_{m=k-1..n-1} binomial(n,m)*x[n-m]*B_{m,k-1} for n >= 2 and k = 2..n.

E.g.f.: Exp(Sum_{i >= 1} x_i*t^i/i!) = 1 + Sum_{n >= 1} B_n(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n)*t^n/n! [Comtet, p. 134, Eq. [3b]].