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This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

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A295839 a(n) is the number of ways of inserting parentheses into the expression i^i^i^...^i with n i's such that the result is a real value.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 24, 0, 169, 0, 1316
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Jon E. Schoenfield, Nov 28 2017

Keywords

Comments

The real values are not necessarily distinct (see Example section).
There are A000108(n-1) (i.e., the (n-1)st Catalan number) of possible ways of inserting the parentheses.
The only expression at n=2 is real and evaluates to e^(-Pi/2) = 0.20787957...
The smallest and largest real values at n = 4, 6, 8, and 10 are as follows:
n = 4: 0.72141806... and 4.81047738...;
n = 6: 0.00052281... and 1.38615880...;
n = 8: 0.11333886... and 1912.71733823...;
n = 10: 1.46840571...*10^-1305 and 8.82309896...
Questions:
(1) Does a(n) = 0 for all odd n?
(2) Does there exist any expression of the form i^i^i^...^i with any number of i's and any way of inserting the parentheses that yields a negative real number?
Complex exponentials are in general multivalued: here the principal branch is used, so that a^b = exp(b*log(a)) where -Pi < Im(log(a)) <= Pi. - Robert Israel, Dec 07 2017

Examples

			For n=1, the only expression is i itself (i.e., sqrt(-1), the imaginary unit), so a(1) = 0.
For n=2, the only expression is i^i, which evaluates to the real number e^(-Pi/2), so a(2) = 1.
For n=3, the only expressions are i^(i^i) and (i^i)^i, neither of which evaluates to a real number, so a(3) = 0.
For n=4, four of the A000108(4-1) = 5 parenthesized expressions yield real values, so a(4) = 4:
   i^((i^i)^i) = ((i^i)^i)^i; and
   (i^i)^(i^i) = (i^(i^i))^i.
For n=5, of the A000108(5-1) = 14 parenthesized expressions, none yield a real number, so a(5) = 5.
For n=6, 24 parenthesized expressions yield real values, so a(6) = 24:
   i^((i^i)^((i^i)^i)) = i^((i^((i^i)^i))^i) = i^((((i^i)^i)^i)^i) = ((i^i)^i)^((i^i)^i) = ((i^i)^((i^i)^i))^i = ((i^((i^i)^i))^i)^i = ((((i^i)^i)^i)^i)^i;
   (i^i)^(i^((i^i)^i)) = (i^i)^(((i^i)^i)^i);
   (i^i)^((i^i)^(i^i)) = (i^i)^((i^(i^i))^i) = (i^((i^i)^(i^i)))^i = (i^((i^(i^i))^i))^i;
   (i^(i^i))^((i^i)^i) = (i^((i^i)^i))^(i^i) = (((i^i)^i)^i)^(i^i) = (((i^i)^i)^(i^i))^i = (((i^i)^(i^i))^i)^i = (((i^(i^i))^i)^i)^i;
   ((i^i)^(i^i))^(i^i) = ((i^(i^i))^i)^(i^i) = ((i^(i^i))^(i^i))^i; and
   (i^(i^((i^i)^i)))^i = (i^(((i^i)^i)^i))^i.
		

Crossrefs

A297074 Number of ways of inserting parentheses in x^x^...^x (with n x's) whose result is an integer where x = sqrt(2).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 10, 23, 55
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Jon E. Schoenfield, Dec 24 2017

Keywords

Comments

The largest value that can be obtained by inserting parentheses in x^x^x^x^x^x^x^x^x (9 x's), where x = sqrt(2), is x^(x^((((((x^x)^x)^x)^x)^x)^x)) = 2^128 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211456; this is one of the a(9) = 55 ways of inserting parentheses in x^x^x^x^x^x^x^x^x that yield an integer value.

Examples

			With x = sqrt(2),
x = 1.414213... is not an integer, so a(1) = 0;
x^x = 1.632526... is not an integer, so a(2) = 0.
(x^x)^x = 2 is an integer, but x^(x^x) = 1.760839... is not, so a(3) = 1;
((x^x)^x)^x, (x^x)^(x^x), (x^(x^x))^x, and x^(x^(x^x)) are noninteger values, but x^((x^x)^x) = 2, so a(4) = 1;
the only ways of inserting parentheses in x^x^x^x^x that yield integer values are x^(x^((x^x)^x)) = 2 and (((x^x)^x)^x)^x = 4, so a(5) = 2.
		

Crossrefs

Programs

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