A032191 Number of necklaces with 6 black beads and n-6 white beads.

1, 1, 4, 10, 22, 42, 80, 132, 217, 335, 504, 728, 1038, 1428, 1944, 2586, 3399, 4389, 5620, 7084, 8866, 10966, 13468, 16380, 19811, 23751, 28336, 33566, 39576, 46376, 54132, 62832, 72675, 83661, 95988, 109668, 124936, 141778

Offset: 6

Author

Christian G. Bower

Keywords

• nonn

Comments

The g.f. is Z(C_6,x)/x^6, the 6-variate cycle index polynomial for the cyclic group C_6, with substitution x[i]->1/(1-x^i), i=1,...,6. Therefore by Polya enumeration a(n+6) is the number of cyclically inequivalent 6-necklaces whose 6 beads are labeled with nonnegative integers such that the sum of labels is n, for n=0,1,2,... See A102190 for Z(C_6,x). Note the equivalence of this formulation with the one given as this sequence's name: start with a black 6-necklace (all 6 beads have labels 0). Insert after each of the 6 black beads k white ones if the label was k and then disregard the labels. - Wolfdieter Lang, Feb 15 2005

The g.f. of the CIK[k] transform of the sequence (b(n): n>=1), which has g.f. B(x) = Sum_{n>=1} b(n)*x^n, is CIK[k](x) = (1/k)*Sum_{d|k} phi(d)*B(x^d)^{k/d}. Here, k = 6, b(n) = 1 for all n >= 1, and B(x) = x/(1-x), from which we get another proof of the g.f.s given below. - Petros Hadjicostas, Jan 07 2018

Examples

			From _Petros Hadjicostas_, Jan 07 2018: (Start)
We explain why a(8) = 4. According to the theory of transforms by C. G. Bower, given in the weblink above, a(8) is the number of ways of arranging 6 indistinct unlabeled boxes (that may differ only in their size) as a necklace, on a circle, such that the total number of balls in all of them is 8. There are 4 ways for doing that on a circle: 311111, 221111, 212111, and 211211.
To translate these configurations of boxes into necklaces with 8 beads, 6 of them black and 2 of them white, we modify an idea given above by W. Lang. We replace each box that has m balls with a black bead followed by m-1 white beads. The four examples above become BWWBBBBB, BWBWBBBB, BWBBWBBB, and BWBBBWBB.
(End)
		

Links

• C. G. Bower, Transforms (2)
• David Broadhurst and Xavier Roulleau, Number of partitions of modular integers, arXiv:2502.19523 [math.NT], 2025. See p. 19.
• Christian Meyer, On conjecture no. 75 arising from the OEIS, preprint, 2004. [cached copy]
• Mónica A. Reyes, Cristina Dalfó, Miguel Àngel Fiol, and Arnau Messegué, A general method to find the spectrum and eigenspaces of the k-token of a cycle, and 2-token through continuous fractions, arXiv:2403.20148 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 6.
• Frank Ruskey, Necklaces, Lyndon words, De Bruijn sequences, etc.
• Ralf Stephan, Prove or disprove: 100 conjectures from the OEIS, arXiv:math/0409509 [math.CO], 2004.
• Index entries for sequences related to necklaces
• Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (2,1,-3,-1,1,4,-3,-3,4,1,-1,-3,1,2,-1).

Crossrefs

Column k=6 of A047996.

Cf. A004526, A007997, A008610, A008646.

Programs

Mathematica

k = 6; Table[Apply[Plus, Map[EulerPhi[ # ]Binomial[n/#, k/# ] &, Divisors[GCD[n, k]]]]/n, {n, k, 30}] (* Robert A. Russell, Sep 27 2004 *)

Formula

"CIK[ 6 ]" (necklace, indistinct, unlabeled, 6 parts) transform of 1, 1, 1, 1, ...

G.f.: (1-x+x^2+4*x^3+2*x^4+3*x^6+x^7+x^8)/((1-x)^6*(1+x)^3*(1+x+x^2)^2*(1-x+x^2)) (conjectured). - Ralf Stephan, May 05 2004

G.f.: (x^6)*(1-x+x^2+4*x^3+2*x^4+3*x^6+x^7+x^8)/((1-x)^2*(1-x^2)^2*(1-x^3)*(1-x^6)). (proving the R. Stephan conjecture (with the correct offset) in a different version; see Comments entry above). - Wolfdieter Lang, Feb 15 2005

G.f.: (1/6)*x^6*((1-x)^(-6)+(1-x^2)^(-3)+2*(1-x^3)^(-2)+2*(1-x^6)^(-1)). - Herbert Kociemba, Oct 22 2016