A107628 -id:A107628 - cp's OEIS frontend

A232551 Number of distinct primitive quadratic forms of discriminant -4n that exist such that every prime p for which -n is a quadratic residue mod p can be represented by one of them.

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 3, 6, 6, 2, 5, 6, 4, 4, 4, 3, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 3, 6, 4, 3, 5, 6, 4, 6, 4, 4, 7, 6, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 3, 5, 4, 3

Offset: 1

V. Raman, Nov 26 2013

This is closely related to the class number problem.
A quadratic form is primitive if the GCD of the coefficients is 1. For example, the quadratic form 2*x^2+4*y^2 is not primitive.
Two quadratic forms f(x,y) = a*x^2+b*x*y+c*y^2 and g(x,y) = p*x^2+q*x*y+r*y^2 are distinct (or inequivalent) if and only if one cannot be obtained by a linear transformation (of the variables x, y) from the other. For example, the three quadratic forms u(x,y) = 3*x^2+2*x*y+3*y^2, v(x,y) = 3*x^2+4*x*y+4*y^2 and w(x,y) = 3*x^2+10*x*y+11*y^2 are equivalent because v(x,y) = u(x+y,-y) and w(x,y) = v(x+y,y). Also, w(x,y) = u(x+2*y,-y). Similarly, the two quadratic forms s(x,y) = 8*x^2+9*y^2 and t(x,y) = 17*x^2+50*x*y+41*y^2 are equivalent because t(x,y) = s(x+2*y,x+y).
The quadratic form x^2+n*y^2 is one such form and the only such form if n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 7.
a(n) = 1 if and only if n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 7.
If n is a squarefree convenient number (A000926), a(n) represents the class number of the ring Z[sqrt(n)] if n == 1 (mod 4) or if n == 2 (mod 4) and the class number of the ring Z[(1+sqrt(n))/2] if n == 3 (mod 4) and this class number is a power of 2.
Any prime p such that -n is a quadratic residue mod p can be represented by exactly one of the a(n) distinct primitive quadratic forms of discriminant = -4n in at most four different ways (if n >= 2) or in at most eight different ways (if n = 1).
If n is a prime congruent to 3 (mod 4), then a(n) = A232550(n).
If p is a prime, p^2 does not divide n, and p > 2 if n == 3 (mod 8), then there is a multiple of p in which p is raised to an odd power which can be written in the form x^2+n*y^2 if and only if -n is a quadratic residue mod p.
The product of two numbers (prime or composite, same or different) which can be represented by the same quadratic form of discriminant = -4n can be written in the form x^2+n*y^2, as the following identity shows:
(X*a^2+Y*a*b+Z*b^2)*(X*c^2+Y*c*d+Z*d^2) = (a*c*X+b*d*Z+a*d*(Y/2)+b*c*(Y/2))^2 + ((X*Z)-(Y^2/4))*(a*d-b*c)^2.
(X*a^2+Y*a*b+Z*b^2)*(X*c^2+Y*c*d+Z*d^2) = (a*c*X+b*d*((Y^2/(2*X))-Z)+a*d*(Y/2)+b*c*(Y/2))^2 + ((X*Z)-(Y^2/4))*(b*d*(Y/X)+a*d+b*c)^2.
Note that for the latter equation, (a*c*X+b*d*((Y^2/(2*X))-Z)+a*d*(Y/2)+b*c*(Y/2)) and (b*d*(Y/X)+a*d+b*c) need not always be integers. If they are both integers, then it will be a second representation of the product of (X*a^2+Y*a*b+Z*b^2) and (X*c^2+Y*c*d+Z*d^2) in the form x^2+((X*Z)-(Y^2/4))*y^2.
This sequence is the same as taking every fourth number in A107628. - T. D. Noe, Jan 02 2014

			If n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 7, then the only such available quadratic form is x^2+n*y^2.
For n = 5, every prime that is congruent to {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9} mod 20 can be represented by either of the two distinct primitive quadratic forms of discriminant = -20: x^2+5*y^2 or 2*x^2+2*x*y+3*y^2.
For n = 6, every prime that is congruent to {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11} mod 24 can be represented by either of the two distinct primitive quadratic forms of discriminant = -24: x^2+6*y^2 or 2*x^2+3*y^2.
For n = 10, every prime that is congruent to {1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 19, 23, 37} mod 40 can be represented by either of the two distinct primitive quadratic forms of discriminant = -40: x^2+10*y^2 or 2*x^2+5*y^2.

V. Raman, Illustration of above mentioned quadratic forms for n = 1..1000

Cf. A000003, A000926, A232529, A232530, A232550 (Number of distinct primitive quadratic forms of discriminant = -4*n needed to generate all primes p for which p is a quadratic residue (mod 4*n) or p-n is a quadratic residue (mod 4*n)).

cp's OEIS Frontend

A223708 Nonzero terms in A107628; related to quadratic forms ax^2 + bxy + cy^2.

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