A154637 -id:A154637 - cp's OEIS frontend

A189226 Curvatures in the nickel-dime-quarter Apollonian circle packing, ordered first by generation and then by size.

-11, 21, 24, 28, 40, 52, 61, 157, 76, 85, 96, 117, 120, 132, 181, 213, 237, 376, 388, 397, 132, 156, 160, 189, 204, 205, 216, 237, 253, 285, 288, 309, 316, 336, 349, 405, 412, 421, 453, 460, 469, 472, 517, 544, 565, 616, 628, 685, 717, 741, 1084, 1093, 1104, 1125, 1128, 1140

Offset: 1

Jonathan Sondow, Apr 18 2011

For a circle, curvature = 1/radius. The curvatures of a quarter, nickel, and dime are approximately proportional to 21, 24, and 28, respectively. Three mutually tangent circles with curvatures 21, 24, 28 can be inscribed in a circle of curvature 11.
Apollonius's and Descartes's Theorems say that, given three mutually tangent circles of curvatures a, b, c, there are exactly two circles tangent to all three, and their curvatures are a + b + c +- 2*sqrt(ab + ac + bc). (Here negative curvature of one of the two circles means that the three circles are inscribed in it.)
Fuchs (2009) says "An Apollonian circle packing ... is made by repeatedly inscribing circles into the triangular interstices in a Descartes configuration of four mutually tangent circles. Remarkably, if the original four circles have integer curvature, all of the circles in the packing will have integer curvature as well." That is because if a + b + c - 2s*qrt(ab + ac + bc) is an integer, then so is a + b + c + 2*sqrt(ab + ac + bc).
For n > 1, the n-th generation of the packing has 4*3^(n-2) circles.
Infinitely many of the curvatures are prime numbers A189227. In fact, in any integral Apollonian circle packing that is primitive (i.e., the curvatures have no common factor), the prime curvatures constitute a positive fraction of all primes (Bourgain 2012) and there are infinitely many pairs of tangent circles both of whose curvatures are prime (Sarnak 2007, 2011).
Fuchs and Sanden (2012) report on experiments with the nickel-dime-quarter Apollonian circle packing, which they call the coins packing P_C.

			The 1st-generation curvatures are -11, 21, 24, 28, the 2nd are 40, 52, 61, 157, and the 3rd are 76, 85, 96, 117, 120, 132, 181, 213, 237, 376, 388, 397. The 4th generation begins 132, 156, 160, 189, 204, 205, 216, ....
As 21 + 24 + 28 +- 2*sqrt(21*24 + 21*28 + 24*28) = 157 or -11, the sequence begins -11, 21, 24, 28, ... and 157 is in it.
The primes 157 and 397 are the curvatures of two circles that are tangent.

D. Austin, When Kissing Involves Trigonometry, AMS feature column March 2006.
J. Bourgain, Integral Apollonian circle packings and prime curvatures, arXiv:1105.5127 [math.NT], 2011-2012.
J. Bourgain and A. Kontorovich, On the Strong Density Conjecture for Integral Apollonian Circle Packings, arXiv:1205.4416 [math.NT], 2012-2013. See figure 1.
S. Butler, R. Graham, G. Guettler and C. Mallows, Irreducible Apollonian configurations and packings, Discrete & Computational Geometry, 44 (2010), 487-507.
E. Fuchs, Arithmetic Properties of Apollonian Circle Packings, Ph.D. thesis 2009.
E. Fuchs and K. Sanden, Some experiments with integral Apollonian circle packings, Experiment. Math. 20 (2011), 380-399.
R. L. Graham, J. C. Lagarias, C. L. Mallows, Allan Wilks, and C. H. Yan, Apollonian Circle Packings: Number Theory, J. Number Theory, 100 (2003), 1-45.
R. L. Graham, J. C. Lagarias, C. L. Mallows, Allan Wilks, and C. H. Yan, Apollonian Circle Packings: Geometry and Group Theory I. The Apollonian Group., Discrete & Computational Geometry, 34 (2005), no. 4, 547-585.
K. E. Hirst, The Apollonian Packing of Circles, J. London Math. Soc. s1-42(1) (1967), 281-291.
E. Kasner and F. Supnick, The Apollonian packing of circles, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 29 (1943), 378-384.
A. Kontorovich, From Apollonius to Zaremba: Local-global phenomena in thin orbits, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 50 (2013), 187-228.
J. C. Lagarias, C. L. Mallows, and Allan Wilks, Beyond the Descartes Circle Theorem, Amer. Math Monthly, 109 (2002), 338-361.
L. Levine, W. Pegden, C. K. Smart, Apollonian Structure in the Abelian Sandpile, arXiv:1208.4839 [math.AP], 2012-2014.
D. Mackenzie, A Tisket, a Tasket, an Apollonian Gasket, American Scientist, 98 (2010).
C. L. Mallows, Growing Apollonian Packings, J. Integer Sequences, 12 (2009), article 09.2.1.
I. Peterson, Circle game, Science News, 4/21/01.
I. Peterson, Temple circles, Math Trek, 4/23/01.
P. Sarnak, Letter to Lagarias on integral Apollonian packings, June, 2007.
P. Sarnak, Integral Apollonian packings, MAA Lecture, Jan 2009.
P. Sarnak, Integral Apollonian packings, Amer. Math. Monthly, 118 (2011), 291-306.
K. E. Stange, The sensual Apollonian circle packing, arXiv:1208.4836 [math.NT], 2012-2014.
Wikipedia, Integral Apollonian circle packings
Wikipedia, Descartes' theorem

Cf. A042944, A042946, A042945, A045506, A045673, A045864, A052483, A060790, A135849, A137246, A154636, A154637, A154638, A171090, A189227, A218155, A248938, A265495, A294510.

root = {-11, 21, 24, 28};
triples = Subsets[root, {3}];
a = {root};
Do[
  ng = Table[Total@t + 2 Sqrt@Total[Times @@@ Subsets[t, {2}]], {t, triples}];
  AppendTo[a, Sort@ng];
  triples = Join @@ Table[{t, r} = tr; Table[Append[p, r], {p, Subsets[t, {2}]}], {tr, Transpose@{triples, ng}}]
  , {k, 3}];
Flatten@a (* Andrey Zabolotskiy, May 29 2022 *)

a(n) == 0, 4, 12, 13, 16, or 21 (mod 24).

Terms a(28) and beyond from Andrey Zabolotskiy, May 29 2022

A154636 a(n) is the ratio of the sum of the bends of the circles that are drawn in the n-th generation of Apollonian packing to the sum of the bends of the circles in the initial configuration of 3 circles.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 18, 138, 1050, 7986, 60738, 461946, 3513354, 26720994, 203227890, 1545660138, 11755597434, 89407799058, 679995600162, 5171741404122, 39333944432490, 299156331247554, 2275248816682962, 17304521539721034, 131610425867719386, 1000969842322591986

Offset: 0

Colin Mallows, Jan 13 2009

For comments and more references and links, see A189226.

			Starting from three circles with bends -1,2,2 summing to 3, the first derived generation consists of two circles, each with bend 3. So a(1) is (3+3)/3 = 2.

Colin Barker, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
C. L. Mallows, Growing Apollonian Packings, J. Integer Sequences, 12 (2009), article 09.2.1.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (8,-3).

Other sequences relating to the two-dimensional case are A135849, A137246, A154637. For the three-dim. case see A154638 - A154645. Five dimensions: A154635.

Cf. also A189226, A189227.

CoefficientList[Series[(5 z^2 - 6 z + 1)/(3 z^2 - 8 z + 1), {z, 0, 100}], z] (* and *) LinearRecurrence[{8, -3}, {1, 2, 18}, 100] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Jul 03 2011 *)

Vec((1 - x)*(1 - 5*x) / (1 - 8*x + 3*x^2) + O(x^30)) \\ Colin Barker, Jul 15 2017

G.f.: (1 - x)*(1 - 5*x) / (1 - 8*x + 3*x^2).
From Colin Barker, Jul 15 2017: (Start)
a(n) = ((-(-7+sqrt(13))*(4+sqrt(13))^n - (4-sqrt(13))^n*(7+sqrt(13)))) / (3*sqrt(13)) for n>0.
a(n) = 8*a(n-1) - 3*a(n-2) for n>2.
(End)

More terms from N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 22 2009

A154635 Ratio of the sum of the bends of the 5-dimensional spheres added in the n-th generation of Apollonian packing to the sum of the bends of the initial configuration of seven mutually tangent spheres.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 15, 108, 774, 5544, 39708, 284400, 2036952, 14589216, 104492016, 748400832, 5360254560, 38391631488, 274971524544, 1969422407424, 14105550112128, 101027866452480, 723589630947072, 5182549848861696, 37118861005211136, 265855588948518912

Offset: 0

Colin Mallows, Jan 13 2009

			Starting with seven 5-dimensional spheres with bends 0,0,1,1,1,1,1 summing to 5, the first derived generation has seven spheres, with bends 1,1,1,1,1,5/2,5/2 summing to 10. So a(1) = 10/5 = 2.

Colin Barker, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Colin Mallows, Growing Apollonian packings, J. Integer Sequences v.12, article 09.2.1 (2009).
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (8,-6).

Cf. A135849 for dim=2. A137146 for the sum of squares of bends when dim=2. A154636 and A154637 for starting with three spheres in 2 dimensions. A154638-A154645 for results in the three-dimensional case.

CoefficientList[Series[(1 - z) (1 - 5 z)/(1 - 8 z + 6 z^2), {z, 0, 100}], z] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Jul 03 2011 *)

Vec((1-x)*(1-5*x)/(1-8*x+6*x^2) + O(x^30)) \\ Colin Barker, Nov 16 2016

G.f. (1-x)*(1-5*x) / (1-8*x+6*x^2).
From Colin Barker, Nov 16 2016: (Start)
a(n) = (((4-sqrt(10))^n*(-8+sqrt(10))+(4+sqrt(10))^n*(8+sqrt(10))))/(12*sqrt(10)) for n>0.
a(n) = 8*a(n-1) - 6*a(n-2) for n>2.
(End)

cp's OEIS Frontend

A189226 Curvatures in the nickel-dime-quarter Apollonian circle packing, ordered first by generation and then by size.

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A154636 a(n) is the ratio of the sum of the bends of the circles that are drawn in the n-th generation of Apollonian packing to the sum of the bends of the circles in the initial configuration of 3 circles.

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A154635 Ratio of the sum of the bends of the 5-dimensional spheres added in the n-th generation of Apollonian packing to the sum of the bends of the initial configuration of seven mutually tangent spheres.

Views

Author

Keywords

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

PARI

Formula