A157513 Triangle of numbers of walks in the quarter-plane, of length 2n beginning and ending at the origin using steps {(1,1), (1,0), (-1,0), (-1,-1)} (Gessel steps) arranged according to the number of times the steps (1,1) and (-1,-1) occur.

1, 1, 1, 2, 7, 2, 5, 37, 38, 5, 14, 177, 390, 187, 14, 42, 806, 3065, 3175, 874, 42, 132, 3566, 20742, 37260, 22254, 3958, 132, 429, 15485, 127575, 351821, 365433, 141442, 17548, 429, 1430, 66373, 734332, 2876886, 4597444, 3100670, 839068, 76627, 1430

Offset: 0

Author

Arvind Ayyer, Mar 02 2009

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl
• walk

Comments

The first and the last terms in each row are Catalan numbers. The sum in each row gives the Gessel sequence.

Examples

			For n=2, there are 2 walks of length 4 where the diagonal steps (1,1) and (-1,-1) occur zero times [(1,0),(1,0),(-1,0),(-1,0)] and [(1,0),(-1,0),(1,0),(-1,0)];
7 walks where the diagonal steps occur once [(1,0),(-1,0),(1,1),(-1,-1)], [(1,1),(-1,-1),(1,0),(-1,0)],  [(1,0),(1,1),(-1,0),(-1,-1)],  [(1,0),(1,1),(-1,-1),(-1,0)],  [(1,1),(1,0),(-1,0),(-1,-1)],  [(1,1),(1,0),(-1,-1),(-1,0)],  [(1,1),(-1,0),(1,0),(-1,-1)];
and finally 2 walks where the diagonal steps occur twice [(1,1),(1,1),(-1,-1),(-1,-1)] and [(1,1),(-1,-1),(1,1),(-1,-1)].
Triangle begins:
1;
1,     1;
2,     7,    2;
5,    37,   38,    5;
14,  177,  390,  187,   14;
42,  806, 3065, 3175,  874,  42;
		

Links

• Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..5049
• Arvind Ayyer, Towards a human proof of Gessel's conjecture, arXiv:0902.2329 [math.CO], 2009.
• Manuel Kauers, Christoph Koutschan and Doron Zeilberger, Proof of Ira Gessel's Lattice Path Conjecture
• Marko Petkovsek and Herbert S. Wilf, On a conjecture of Ira Gessel, arXiv:0807.3202 [math.CO], 2008.

Crossrefs

Cf. A135404, A000531, A000108.

Programs

Maple

b:= proc(n, k, t, x, y) option remember; `if` (min(n, x, y, k, t, n-x)<0, 0, `if` (n=0, `if` (max(n, k, t)=0, 1, 0), b(n-1, k-1, t, x+1, y+1) +b(n-1, k, t, x+1, y) +b(n-1, k, t, x-1, y) +b(n-1, k, t-1, x-1, y-1))) end: T:= (n,k)-> b(2*n, k, k, 0, 0):
seq (seq (T(n, k), k=0..n), n=0..8);  # Alois P. Heinz, Jul 04 2011

Mathematica

b[n_, k_, t_, x_, y_] := b[n, k, t, x, y] = If[Min[n, x, y, k, t, n-x] < 0, 0, If[n == 0, If[Max[n, k, t] == 0, 1, 0], b[n-1, k-1, t, x+1, y+1] + b[n - 1, k, t, x+1, y] + b[n-1, k, t, x-1, y] + b[n-1, k, t-1, x-1, y-1]]]; T[n_, k_] := b[2*n, k, k, 0, 0]; Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 8}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, May 27 2016, after Alois P. Heinz *)