A215560 a(n) = 3*a(n-1) + 46*a(n-2) + a(n-3) with a(0)=a(1)=3, a(2)=101.

3, 3, 101, 444, 5981, 38468, 390974, 2948431, 26868565, 216624495, 1888775906, 15657923053, 134074085330, 1124375492334, 9556192325235, 80523923708399, 682280993578341, 5760499663646612, 48746948619251921, 411906111379078256, 3483838470286469746, 29447943482916260935

Offset: 0

Author

Roman Witula, Aug 16 2012

Keywords

• nonn
• easy

Comments

The Ramanujan-type sequence number 6 for the argument 2Pi/7 (see also A214683, A215112, A006053, A006054, A215076, A215100, A120757 for the numbers: 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 and 5 respectively).

The sequence a(n) is one of the three special sequences (the remaining two are A215569 and A215572) connected with the following recurrence relation: T(n):=49^(1/3)*T(n-2)+T(n-3), with T(0)=3, T(1)=0, and T(2)=2*49^(1/3) - see the comments to A214683.

It can be proved that

T(n) = (c(1)^4/c(2))^(n/3) + (c(2)^4/c(4))^(n/3) + (c(4)^4/c(1))^(n/3), where c(j):=2*cos(2*Pi*j/7), and the following decomposition hold true:

T(n) = at(n) + bt(n)*7^(1/3) + ct(n)*49^(1/3), where sequences at(n), bt(n), and ct(n) satisfy the following system of recurrence equations: at(n)=7*bt(n-2)+at(n-3),

bt(n)=7*ct(n-2)+bt(n-3), ct(n)=at(n-2)+ct(n-3), with at(0)=3, at(1)=at(2)=bt(0)=bt(1)=bt(2)=ct(0)=ct(1)=0, ct(2)=2 - for details see the first Witula reference.

It follows that a(n)=at(3*n), bt(3*n)=ct(3*n)=0.

Every difference of the form a(n)-a(n-2)-a(n-3) is divisible by 3. Because the difference a(n+1)-a(n) is congruent to the difference a(n-4)-a(n-2) modulo 3 we easily deduce that a(6)-a(5) and a(7)-a(6)-2 are both divisible by 3.

References

• R. Witula, E. Hetmaniok, D. Slota, Sums of the powers of any order roots taken from the roots of a given polynomial, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Fibonacci Numbers and Their Applications, Eger, Hungary, 2012

Links

• Roman Witula, Ramanujan Type Trigonometric Formulas: The General Form for the Argument 2*Pi/7, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 12 (2009), Article 09.8.5.
• Roman Witula, Full Description of Ramanujan Cubic Polynomials, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 13 (2010), Article 10.5.7.
• Roman Witula, Ramanujan Cubic Polynomials of the Second Kind, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 13 (2010), Article 10.7.5.
• Roman Witula, Ramanujan Type Trigonometric Formulae, Demonstratio Math. 45 (2012) 779-796.
• Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,46,1).

Crossrefs

Cf. A214683, A215112, A006053, A006054, A215076, A215100, A120757, A214699.

Programs

Mathematica

LinearRecurrence[{3, 46, 1}, {3, 3, 101}, 50]

PARI

Vec((3-6*x-46*x^2)/(1-3*x-46*x^2-x^3) + O(x^40)) \\ Michel Marcus, Apr 20 2016

Formula

a(n) = (c(1)^4/c(2))^n + (c(2)^4/c(4))^n + (c(4)^4/c(1))^n, where c(j) = 2*cos(2*Pi*j/7).

G.f.: (3-6*x-46*x^2)/(1-3*x-46*x^2-x^3).

Extensions

More terms from Michel Marcus, Apr 20 2016