A260885 Triangle read by rows: T(n,g) = number of general immersions of a circle with n crossings in a surface of arbitrary genus g (the circle is oriented, the surface is unoriented).

1, 2, 1, 6, 6, 2, 21, 62, 37, 0, 97, 559, 788, 112, 0, 579, 5614, 14558, 7223, 0, 0, 3812, 56526, 246331, 277407, 34748, 0, 0, 27328, 580860, 3900740, 8179658, 3534594, 0, 0, 0, 206410, 6020736, 58842028, 203974134, 198559566, 22524176, 0, 0, 0

Offset: 1

Author

Robert Coquereaux, Aug 02 2015

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl
• hard

Comments

When transposed, displayed as an upper right triangle, the first line g = 0 of the table gives the number of immersions of a circle with n double points in a sphere (spherical curves) starting with n=1, the second line g = 1 gives immersions in a torus, etc.

Row g=0 is A008988 starting with n = 1.

For g > 0 the immersions are understood up to stable geotopy equivalence (the counted curves cannot be immersed in a surface of smaller genus). - Robert Coquereaux, Nov 23 2015

Examples

			The transposed triangle starts:
  1  2  6  21   97   579    3812    27328     206410
     1  6  62  559  5614   56526   580860    6020736
        2  37  788 14558  246331  3900740   58842028
            0  112  7223  277407  8179658  203974134
                 0     0   34748  3534594  198559566
                       0       0        0   22524176
                               0        0          0
                                        0          0
                                                   0
		

Links

• Robert Coquereaux and J.-B. Zuber, Maps, immersions and permutations, arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.03163 [math.CO], 2015-2016. Also J. Knot Theory Ramifications 25, 1650047 (2016), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218216516500474

Crossrefs

Cf. A008988. The sum over all genera g for a fixed number n of crossings is given by sequence A260887. Cf. A260885, A260848, A260914.

Programs

Magma

/* Example n := 6 */
n:=6;
n; // n: number of crossings
G:=Sym(2*n);
doubleG := Sym(4*n);
genH:={};
for j in [1..(n-1)] do v := G!(1,2*j+1)(2, 2*j+2); Include(~genH,v) ; end for;
H := PermutationGroup< 2*n |genH>; //  The H=S(n) subgroup of S(2n)
cardH:=#H;
cardH;
rho:=Identity(G); for j in [0..(n-1)] do v := G!(2*j+1, 2*j+2) ; rho := rho*v ; end for;
cycrho := PermutationGroup< 2*n |{rho}>; // The cyclic subgroup Z2 generated by rho (mirroring)
Hcycrho:=sub;  // The subgroup generated by H and cycrho
cardZp:= Factorial(2*n-1);
beta:=G!Append([2..2*n],1); // A typical circular permutation
Cbeta:=Centralizer(G,beta);
bool, rever := IsConjugate(G,beta,beta^(-1));
cycbeta := PermutationGroup< 2*n |{rever}>;
Cbetarev := sub;
psifct := function(per);
perinv:=per^(-1);
res:= [IsOdd(j) select (j+1)^per  else j-1 + 2*n : j in [1..2*n] ];
resbis := [IsOdd((j-2*n)^perinv) select  (j-2*n)^perinv +1 +2*n   else ((j-2*n)^perinv -1)^per : j in [2*n+1..4*n] ];
res cat:= resbis;
return doubleG!res;
end function;
numberofcycles := function(per);   ess :=   CycleStructure(per); return &+[ess[i,2]: i in [1..#ess]]; end function;
supernumberofcycles := function(per); return  numberofcycles(psifct(per)) ; end function;
// result given as a list genuslist (n+2-2g)^^multiplicity where g is the genus
// Case OU
dbl, dblsize := DoubleCosetRepresentatives(G,Hcycrho,Cbeta); #dblsize;
genuslist := {* supernumberofcycles(beta^(dbl[j]^(-1))) : j in [1..#dblsize] *}; genuslist;
quit;
// Robert Coquereaux, Nov 23 2015