cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

User: Brian Galebach

Brian Galebach's wiki page.

Brian Galebach has authored 6091 sequences. Here are the ten most recent ones:

A384766 Maximum number of non-blank symbols that an n-instruction Turing machine (allowing any number of states and symbols) can leave on an initially blank tape before eventually halting.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach, Jun 09 2025

Keywords

Comments

This sequence is uncomputable.
No halt state is required. The machine halts whenever the current state/tape symbol combination does not have a corresponding instruction. For example, if the machine is in state B at a tape symbol 1, but there is no instruction for B1, the machine halts. As a specific example, the 2-instruction machine defined by A0:0RB, B0:1LA halts after 3 steps when the machine enters state B at a tape symbol 1. A halt state can be effectively simulated by transitioning to a state not included in the machine's instructions. As another example, the 2-state 2-symbol busy beaver can be given as A0:1RB, A1:1LB, B0:1LA, B1:1RC, where "C" effectively substitutes for "H". So the machine becomes a 3-state 2-symbol machine, but with no instructions for the third state "C".
This sequence effectively combines the various Busy Beaver Sigma functions Sigma(states,symbols) into a single sequence defined only by number of allowable instructions Sigma_i(inst). It is very interesting to observe the number of states and symbols associated with the champion machine for each number of instructions.

Examples

			a(0)=0. No instructions means machine instantly halts, writing no symbols.
a(1)=1.  A0:1RB
a(2)=2.  A0:1RB, B0:1LA - One of 8 2-instruction machines writing 2 non-blank symbols.
a(3)=4.  A0:0RB, A1:1LB, B0:1LA - One of 5 3-instruction machines writing 4 non-blank symbols.
a(4)=5.  A0:1RB, A1:0LB, B0:1LA, B1:2RA - One of 41 4-instruction machines writing 5 non-blank symbols.
a(5)=9.  A0:1RB, A1:2LB, B0:2LA, B1:2RB, B2:1LB
a(6)=14? A0:1RB, A1:3LA, A2:1RA, A3:0LA, B0:2LA, B3:3RA - No 6-instruction machine halting sooner than 50000 steps writes more than 14 non-blank symbols, but this does not prove that a(6)=14.
a(7)>=2050. Must be at least Sigma(2,4), which has 7 non-halting instructions.
a(8)>=374676382. Must be at least candidate Sigma(3,3), which has 8 non-halting instructions. a(8) will not easily be proven because a different 3-state 3-symbol machine "Bigfoot", having 8 non-halting instructions, must first be proven never to halt, requiring solving a Collatz-like problem.
		

Crossrefs

A384629 Instruction-Limited Busy Beaver Sequence BBi(n): Maximum number of steps that an n-instruction Turing machine (allowing any number of states and symbols) can take on an initially blank tape before eventually halting.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 5, 16, 37, 123, 3932963
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach, Jun 05 2025

Keywords

Comments

This sequence is uncomputable.
No halting instruction is required, as a Turing machine halts whenever the current state/tape symbol combination does not have a corresponding instruction. However, a halting instruction can be implemented by transitioning to a state which has no instructions. For example, the 2-state 2-symbol busy beaver can be given as A0:1RB, A1:1LB, B0:1LA, B1:1RC, where "C" effectively substitutes for "H".
This sequence effectively combines the various Busy Beaver step functions BB(states,symbols) into a single sequence defined only by number of allowable instructions BBi(inst). It is very interesting to observe the number of states and symbols associated with the champion machine for each number of instructions.
a(6)=123 confirmed by Shawn Ligocki on bbchallenge discord on Jul 12 2025.
a(7)=3932963 confirmed and announced on discord on Jul 23 2025. Two different Turing machines - one a 2-state, 4-symbol machine, and the other a 3-state, 3-symbol machine - each take 3932963 steps, writing 2050 non-blank symbols to tape.
A new champion machine for a(8) was discovered by Nick Drozd and confirmed by Shawn Ligocki on Jul 26 2025. This machine takes around 6.889 x 10^1565 steps before halting.

Examples

			a(0)=0.  No instructions means machine instantly halts. (Philosophical question: Can something that was never moving actually "halt"?)
a(1)=1.   A0:0RB - One of two 1-instruction machines taking 1 step.
a(2)=3.   A0:0RB, B0:1LA
a(3)=5.   A0:0RB, B0:1LA, B1:1RB - One of 14 3-instruction machines taking 5 steps.
a(4)=16.  A0:1RB, B0:0RC, C0:1LC, C1:0LA
a(5)=37.  A0:1RB, A1:2LB, B0:2LA, B1:2RB, B2:1LB - BB(2,3) minus the halt instruction for A2.
a(6)=123. A0:1RB, A1:3LA, A2:1RA, A3:0LA, B0:2LA, B3:3RA
a(7)=3932963. A0:1RB, A1:2LA, A2:1RA, A3:1RA, B0:1LB, B1:1LA, B2:3RB - BB(2,4) minus the halt instruction for B3, and A0:1RB, A1:2LA, A2:1RA, B0:1LC, B1:1LA, B2:2RB, C1:1LA - A 3-state, 3-symbol Turing machine with two empty instructions.
a(8)>=6.889 x 10^1565. Must be at least the number of steps taken by the following 3-state, 4-symbol machine discovered by Nick Drozd: A0:1RB, A1:1LA, B0:1RC, B1:3LB, B2:1RB, C0:2LA, C1:2LC, C3:0LC. a(8) will not easily be proven because a 3-state, 3-symbol machine "Bigfoot", having 8 non-halting instructions, must first be proven never to halt, requiring solving a Collatz-like problem.
		

Crossrefs

Extensions

a(6) added by Brian Galebach, Jul 15 2025
a(7) added by Brian Galebach, Aug 05 2025

A310003 Coordination sequence Gal.5.45.1 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 14, 20, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 29, 40, 44, 43, 39, 43, 50, 49, 48, 53, 69, 73, 66, 61, 67, 75, 72, 69, 77, 98, 102, 90, 82, 90, 100, 96, 91, 100, 127, 131, 114, 103, 113, 126, 119, 112, 123, 157
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.

A310004 Coordination sequence Gal.6.106.1 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 16, 21, 20, 22, 23, 29, 29, 32, 38, 47, 49, 47, 47, 48, 54, 52, 58, 65, 78, 75, 72, 73, 77, 79, 75, 84, 92, 109, 101, 97, 97, 104, 105, 101, 109, 119, 140, 127, 122, 122, 131, 129, 126, 135, 149
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.

A310005 Coordination sequence Gal.6.107.1 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 16, 22, 24, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35, 45, 55, 56, 53, 50, 54, 59, 59, 59, 63, 79, 93, 91, 81, 76, 83, 90, 88, 85, 92, 114, 132, 125, 109, 103, 111, 120, 116, 112, 120, 148, 171, 160, 138, 129, 140
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.

A310006 Coordination sequence Gal.4.33.3 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 14, 14, 14, 18, 28, 30, 23, 30, 37, 30, 38, 44, 48, 44, 42, 52, 62, 62, 53, 52, 69, 68, 72, 80, 70, 72, 80, 72, 98, 98, 83, 86, 93, 98, 110, 108, 104, 98, 108, 114, 128, 130, 109, 110, 135
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.

A310007 Coordination sequence Gal.4.31.1 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 7, 12, 18, 19, 17, 18, 23, 27, 32, 40, 43, 40, 37, 38, 43, 48, 57, 68, 68, 61, 57, 58, 63, 69, 82, 96, 93, 82, 77, 78, 83, 90, 107, 124, 118, 103, 97, 98, 103, 111, 132, 152, 143, 124, 117, 118, 123
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.

Formula

Conjectures from Chai Wah Wu, Dec 10 2018: (Start)
a(n) = 2*a(n-1) - 3*a(n-2) + 4*a(n-3) - 5*a(n-4) + 6*a(n-5) - 7*a(n-6) + 8*a(n-7) - 7*a(n-8) + 6*a(n-9) - 5*a(n-10) + 4*a(n-11) - 3*a(n-12) + 2*a(n-13) - a(n-14) for n > 16.
G.f.: (-2*x^16 + 4*x^15 - 3*x^14 + 5*x^13 - 5*x^12 + 12*x^11 - 3*x^10 + 12*x^9 - 2*x^8 + 9*x^7 + 8*x^5 + 3*x^4 + 4*x^3 + x^2 + x + 1)/((x - 1)^2*(x^2 + 1)^2*(x^4 + 1)^2). (End)

A310008 Coordination sequence Gal.5.46.1 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 7, 13, 21, 22, 18, 16, 24, 31, 35, 45, 50, 47, 36, 33, 46, 59, 69, 75, 74, 68, 54, 54, 71, 87, 101, 104, 99, 86, 71, 76, 99, 121, 131, 128, 120, 104, 92, 101, 127, 153, 160, 153, 138, 121, 114, 129, 161
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.

A310009 Coordination sequence Gal.6.106.2 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 15, 19, 24, 20, 26, 28, 28, 37, 39, 42, 46, 50, 47, 54, 49, 52, 66, 68, 65, 71, 82, 76, 74, 72, 86, 91, 91, 90, 102, 110, 97, 100, 101, 112, 114, 122, 115, 129, 138, 120, 126, 128, 138, 139, 151
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.

A310010 Coordination sequence Gal.6.107.2 where Gal.u.t.v denotes the coordination sequence for a vertex of type v in tiling number t in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 16, 22, 22, 24, 29, 26, 29, 36, 42, 44, 44, 56, 56, 54, 55, 54, 61, 62, 72, 80, 78, 82, 86, 92, 85, 74, 87, 102, 106, 104, 106, 124, 122, 110, 111, 112, 119, 118, 136, 152, 138, 142, 152, 158, 141
Offset: 0

Author

Brian Galebach and N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 18 2018

Keywords

Comments

Note that there may be other vertices in the Galebach list of u-uniform tilings with u <= 6 that have this same coordination sequence. See the Galebach link for the complete list of A-numbers for all these tilings.