A006229 Expansion of e.g.f. exp( tan x ).

1, 1, 1, 3, 9, 37, 177, 959, 6097, 41641, 325249, 2693691, 24807321, 241586893, 2558036145, 28607094455, 342232522657, 4315903789009, 57569080467073, 807258131578995, 11879658510739497, 183184249105857781, 2948163649552594737, 49548882107764546223

Offset: 0

Author

N. J. A. Sloane, Jeffrey Shallit

Keywords

• nonn
• easy
• nice

References

• L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 259, Sum_{k} T(n,k).
• CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 30th ed. 1996, p. 42.
• L. B. W. Jolley, Summation of Series. 2nd ed., Dover, NY, 1961, p. 150.
• N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

• Vaclav Kotesovec, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..480 (terms 0..100 from T. D. Noe)
• J. Shallit, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, May 1975
• Kruchinin Vladimir Victorovich, Composition of ordinary generating functions, arXiv:1009.2565 [math.CO], 2010.

Crossrefs

Row sums of A059419 and unsigned A111593.

Cf. A003711, A003717, A000182, A047691, A047692.

Programs

Julia

function A006229_list(len::Int)
    len <= 0 && return BigInt[]
    T = zeros(BigInt, len, len); T[1,1] = 1
    S = Array(BigInt, len); S[1] = 1
    for n in 2:len
        T[n,n] = 1
        for k in 2:n-1 T[n,k] = T[n-1,k-1] + k*(k-1)*T[n-1,k+1] end
        S[n] = sum(T[n,k] for k in 2:n)
    end
S end
println(A006229_list(24)) # Peter Luschny, Apr 27 2017

Mathematica

With[{nn=30},CoefficientList[Series[Exp[Tan[x]],{x,0,nn}],x] Range[ 0,nn]!] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 04 2011 *)

Maxima

a(n):=sum(if oddp(n+k) then 0 else (-1)^((n+k)/2)*sum(j!/k!*stirling2(n,j)*2^(n-j)*(-1)^(n+j-k)*binomial(j-1, k-1), j, k, n), k, 1, n); /* Vladimir Kruchinin, Aug 05 2010 */

Formula

E.g.f.: exp(tan(x)).

a(n) = sum(if oddp(n+k) then 0 else (-1)^((n+k)/2)*sum(j!/k!*stirling2(n,j)*2^(n-j)*(-1)^(n+j-k)*binomial(j-1,k-1),j,k,n),k,1,n), n>0. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Aug 05 2010

E.g.f.: 1 + tan(x)/T(0), where T(k) = 4*k+1 - tan(x)/(2 + tan(x)/(4*k+3 - tan(x)/(2 + tan(x)/T(k+1)))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 03 2013

a(n) = Sum_{i=0..(n-1)/2} binomial(n-1,2*i)*z(i+1)*a(n-2*i-1), a(0)=1, where z(n) is tangent (or "zag") numbers (A000182). - Vladimir Kruchinin, Mar 04 2015 [corrected by Jason Yuen, Dec 29 2024]

Extensions

More terms from Larry Reeves (larryr(AT)acm.org), Feb 08 2001