A116071 Triangle T, read by rows, equal to Pascal's triangle to the matrix power of Pascal's triangle, so that T = C^C, where C(n,k) = binomial(n,k) and T(n,k) = A000248(n-k)*C(n,k).

1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 10, 9, 3, 1, 41, 40, 18, 4, 1, 196, 205, 100, 30, 5, 1, 1057, 1176, 615, 200, 45, 6, 1, 6322, 7399, 4116, 1435, 350, 63, 7, 1, 41393, 50576, 29596, 10976, 2870, 560, 84, 8, 1, 293608, 372537, 227592, 88788, 24696, 5166, 840, 108, 9, 1

Offset: 0

Author

Paul D. Hanna, Feb 03 2006

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl

Comments

Column 0 = A000248 (Number of forests with n nodes and height at most 1).

Column 1 = A052512 (Number of labeled trees of height 2).

Row sums = A080108 (Sum_{k=1..n} k^(n-k) * C(n-1,k-1)).

Central terms = A116072(n) = (n+1) * A000108(n) * A000248(n).

From Peter Bala, Sep 13 2012: (Start)

For commuting lower unitriangular matrix A and lower triangular matrix B we define A raised to the matrix power B, denoted by A^B, to be the lower unitriangular matrix Exp(B*Log(A)). Here Exp denotes the matrix exponential defined by the power series

Exp(A) = 1 + A + A^2/2! + A^3/3! + ...

and the matrix logarithm Log(A) is defined by the series

Log(A) = (A-1) - 1/2*(A-1)^2/2 + 1/3*(A-1)^3 - ....

Let A = [f(x),x] and B = [g(x),x] be exponential Riordan arrays in the Appell subgroup and suppose f(0) = 1. Then A and B commute and A^B is the exponential Riordan array [exp(g(x)*log(f(x))),x], also belonging to the Appell group. In the present case we are taking A = B = [exp(x),x], equal to the Pascal triangle A007318.

For any lower unitriangular matrix A (with, say, rational entries) the infinite tower of powers A^(A^(A^(...))) is well-defined (and also has rational entries). An example is given in the Formula section. (End)

Examples

			E.g.f.: E(x,y) = 1 + (1 + y)*x + (3 + 2*y + y^2)*x^2/2!
  + (10 + 9*y + 3*y^2 + y^3)*x^3/3!
  + (41 + 40*y + 18*y^2 + 4*y^3 + y^4)*x^4/4!
  + (196 + 205*y + 100*y^2 + 30*y^3 + 5*y^4 + y^5)*x^5/5! +...
where E(x,y) = exp(x*y) * exp(x*exp(x)).
O.g.f.: A(x,y) = 1 + (1 + y)*x + (3 + 2*y + y^2)*x^2
  + (10 + 9*y + 3*y^2 + y^3)*x^3
  + (41 + 40*y + 18*y^2 + 4*y^3 + y^4)*x^4
  + (196 + 205*y + 100*y^2 + 30*y^3 + 5*y^4 + y^5)*x^5 +...
where
A(x,y) = 1/(1-x*y) + x/(1-x*(y+1))^2 + x^2/(1-x*(y+2))^3 + x^3/(1-x*(y+3))^4 + x^4/(1-x*(y+4))^5 + x^5/(1-x*(y+5))^6 + x^6/(1-x*(y+6))^7 + x^7/(1-x*(y+7))^8 +...
Triangle begins:
  1;
  1, 1;
  3, 2, 1;
  10, 9, 3, 1;
  41, 40, 18, 4, 1;
  196, 205, 100, 30, 5, 1;
  1057, 1176, 615, 200, 45, 6, 1;
  6322, 7399, 4116, 1435, 350, 63, 7, 1;
  41393, 50576, 29596, 10976, 2870, 560, 84, 8, 1;
  293608, 372537, 227592, 88788, 24696, 5166, 840, 108, 9, 1; ...
		

Links

• Paul D. Hanna, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1080 (rows 0..45 of flattened triangle).

Crossrefs

Cf. A000248, A052512, A080108, A116072, A215652.

Cf. A080108, A216689, A240165, A245834, A245835, A216973.

Programs

Mathematica

(* The function RiordanArray is defined in A256893. *)
RiordanArray[Exp[# Exp[#]]&, #&, 10, True] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 19 2019 *)

PARI

/* By definition C^C: */
{T(n,k)=local(A, C=matrix(n+1,n+1,r,c,binomial(r-1,c-1)), L=matrix(n+1,n+1,r,c,if(r==c+1,c))); A=sum(m=0,n,L^m*C^m/m!); A[n+1,k+1]}
for(n=0,10,for(k=0,n,print1(T(n,k),", "));print(""))

PARI

/* From e.g.f.: */
{T(n,k)=local(A=1);A=exp( x*y + x*exp(x +x*O(x^n)) );n!*polcoeff(polcoeff(A, n,x),k,y)}
for(n=0,10,for(k=0,n,print1(T(n,k),", "));print(""))

PARI

/* From o.g.f. (Paul D. Hanna, Aug 03 2014): */
{T(n,k)=local(A=1);A=sum(k=0, n, x^k/(1 - x*(k+y) +x*O(x^n))^(k+1));polcoeff(polcoeff(A, n,x),k,y)}
for(n=0,10,for(k=0,n,print1(T(n,k),", "));print(""))

PARI

/* From row polynomials (Paul D. Hanna, Aug 03 2014): */
{T(n,k)=local(R);R=sum(k=0,n,(k+y)^(n-k)*binomial(n,k));polcoeff(R,k,y)}
for(n=0,10,for(k=0,n,print1(T(n,k),", "));print(""))

PARI

/* From formula for T(n,k) (Paul D. Hanna, Aug 03 2014): */
{T(n,k) = sum(j=0,n-k, binomial(n,j) * binomial(n-j,k) * j^(n-k-j))}
for(n=0,10,for(k=0,n,print1(T(n,k),", "));print(""))

Formula

E.g.f.: exp( x*exp(x) + x*y ).

From Peter Bala, Sep 13 2012: (Start)

Exponential Riordan array [exp(x*exp(x)),x] belonging to the Appell group. Thus the e.g.f. for the k-th column of the triangle is x^k/k!*exp(x*exp(x)).

The inverse array, denote it by X, is a signed version of A215652. The infinite tower of matrix powers X^(X^(X^(...))) equals the inverse of Pascal's triangle. (End)

O.g.f.: Sum_{n>=0} x^n / (1 - x*(n+y))^(n+1). - Paul D. Hanna, Aug 03 2014

G.f. for row n: Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n,k) * (k + y)^(n-k) for n>=0. - Paul D. Hanna, Aug 03 2014

T(n,k) = Sum_{j=0..n-k} C(n,j) * C(n-j,k) * j^(n-k-j) = A000248(n-k)*C(n,k). - Paul D. Hanna, Aug 03 2014

Infinitesimal generator is A216973. - Peter Bala, Feb 13 2017