A133480 Left 3-step factorial (n,-3)!: a(n) = (-1)^n * A008544(n).

1, -2, 10, -80, 880, -12320, 209440, -4188800, 96342400, -2504902400, 72642169600, -2324549427200, 81359229952000, -3091650738176000, 126757680265216000, -5577337931669504000, 262134882788466688000, -13106744139423334400000, 694657439389436723200000, -38900816605808456499200000

Offset: 0

Author

Tom Copeland, Dec 23 2007

Keywords

• sign
• easy

Comments

To motivate the definition, consider c(t) = column vector(1, t, t^2, t^3, t^4, t^5, ...), T = A094638 and the list of integers.

Starting at 1 and sampling every integer to the right, we obtain (1,2,3,4,5,...) from which factorials may be formed. It's true that

T * c(1) = (1, 1*2, 1*2*3, 1*2*3*4, ...), giving n! for n > 0. Call this sequence the right 1-step factorial (n,+1)!.

Starting at 1 and sampling every integer to the left, we obtain (1,0,-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,...). And,

T * c(-1) = (1, 1*0, 1*0*-1, 1*0*-1*-2, ...) = (1,0,0,0,...). Call this the left 1-step factorial (n,-1)!.

Sampling every other integer to the right, we obtain (1,3,5,7,9,...).

T * c(2) = (1, 1*3, 1*3*5, ...) = (1,3,15,105,945,...), giving A001147 for n > 0, the right 2-step factorial, (n,+2)!.

Sampling every other integer to the left, we obtain (1,-1,-3,-5,-7,...).

T * c(-2) = (1, 1*-1, 1*-1*-3, 1*-1*-3*-5, ...) = (1,-1,3,-15,105,-945,...) = signed A001147, the left 2-step factorial, (n,-2)!.

Sampling every 3 steps to the right, we obtain (1,4,7,10,...).

T * c(3) = (1, 1*4, 1*4*7, ...) = (1,4,28,280,...), giving A007559 for n > 0, the right 3-step factorial, (n,+3)!.

Sampling every 3 steps to the left, we obtain (1,-2,-5,-8,-11,...), giving

T * c(-3) = (1, 1*-2, 1*-2*-5, 1*-2*-5*-8, ...) = (1,-2,10,-80,880,...) = signed A008544 = the left 3-step factorial, (n,-3)!.

The list partition transform A133314 of [1,T * c(t)] gives signed [1,T *c(-t)]. For example:

LPT[1,T*c(1)] = LPT[1,(n,+1)! ] = LPT[A000142] = (1,-1,0,0,0,...) = signed [1,(n,-1)! ]

LPT[1,T*c(2)] = LPT[1,(n,+2)! ] = LPT[A001147] = (1,-1,-1,-3,-15,-105,-945,...) = (1,-A001147) = signed [1,(n,-2)! ]

LPT[1,T*c(3)] = LPT[1,(n,+3)! ] = LPT[A007559] = (1,-1,-2,-10,-80,-880,...) = (1,-A008544) = signed [1,(n,-3)! ]

LPT[1,T*c(-3)] = LPT[1,(n,-3)! ] = signed A007559 = signed [1,(n,+3)! ].

And, e.g.f.[1,T * c(m)] = e.g.f.[1,(n,m)! ] = (1-m*x)^(-1/m).

Also with P(n,t) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} T(n,k+1) * t^k = 1*(1+t)*(1+2t)...(1+(n-1)*t) and P(0,t)=1, exp[P(.,t)*x] = (1-tx)^(-1/t).

T(n,k+1) = (1/k!) (D_t)^k (D_x)^n [ (1-tx)^(-1/t) - 1 ] evaluated at t=x=0.

And, (1-tx)^(-1/t) - 1 is the e.g.f. for plane increasing m-ary trees when t = (m-1), discussed by Bergeron et al. in "Varieties of Increasing Trees" and the book Combinatorial Species and Tree-Like Structures, cited in the OEIS.

The above relations reveal the intimate connections, through T or LPT or sampling, between the right and left step factorials, (n,+m)! and (n,-m)!. The pairs have conjugate interpretations as trees, ignoring signs, which Callan and Lang have noted in several of the OEIS entries above. Also note unsigned (n,-2)! is the diagonal of A001498 and (n,+2)!, the first subdiagonal.

Links

• G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..375

Crossrefs

Cf. A000142, A001147, A001498, A007559, A008544, A133314.

Programs

Magma

[Round((-3)^n*Gamma(n+2/3)/Gamma(2/3)): n in [0..20]]; // G. C. Greubel, Mar 31 2019

Mathematica

Table[(-3)^n*Pochhammer[2/3, n], {n,0,20}] (* G. C. Greubel, Mar 31 2019 *)

PARI

vector(20, n, n--; round((-3)^n*gamma(n+2/3)/gamma(2/3))) \\ G. C. Greubel, Mar 31 2019

Sage

[(-3)^n*rising_factorial(2/3,n) for n in (0..20)] # G. C. Greubel, Mar 31 2019

Formula

a(n) = b(0)*b(1)...b(n) where b = (1,-2,-5,-8,-11,...) .

a(n) = 3^(n+1)*Sum_{k=1..n+1} stirling1(n+1,k)/3^k. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Jul 02 2011

G.f.: (1/Q(0)-1)/x where Q(k) = 1 + x*(3*k-1)/( 1 + x*(3*k+3)/Q(k+1) ); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Mar 22 2013

G.f.: G(0)/(2*x) - 1/x, where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(3*k-1)/(x*(3*k-1) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jun 06 2013

From G. C. Greubel, Mar 31 2019: (Start)

G.f.: Hypergeometric2F0(1,2/3; -; -3*x).

E.g.f.: (1+3*x)^(-2/3).

a(n) = (-3)^n*Pochhammer(2/3, n) = (-3)^n*(Gamma(n+2/3)/Gamma(2/3)). (End)

D-finite with recurrence: a(n) +(3*n-1)*a(n-1)=0. - R. J. Mathar, Jan 20 2020

Extensions

Terms a(11) onward added by G. C. Greubel, Mar 31 2019