A135494 Triangle read by rows: row n gives coefficients C(n,j) for a Sheffer sequence (binomial-type) with lowering operator (D-1)/2 + T{ (1/2) * exp[(D-1)/2] } where T(x) is Cayley's Tree function.

1, -1, 1, -1, -3, 1, -1, -1, -6, 1, -1, 5, 5, -10, 1, -1, 19, 30, 25, -15, 1, -1, 49, 49, 70, 70, -21, 1, -1, 111, -70, -91, 70, 154, -28, 1, -1, 237, -883, -1218, -861, -126, 294, -36, 1, -1, 491, -4410, -4495, -3885, -2877, -840, 510, -45, 1

Offset: 1

Author

Tom Copeland, Feb 08 2008

Keywords

• sign
• tabl

Comments

The lowering (or delta) operator for these polynomials is L = (D-1)/2 + T{ (1/2) * exp[(D-1)/2] } and the raising operator is R = 2t * { 1 - T[ (1/2) * exp[(D-1)/2] ] }, where T(x) is the tree function of A000169. In addition, L = E(D,1) = A(D) where E(x,t) is the e.g.f. of A134991 and A(x) is the e.g.f. of A000311, so L = sum(j=1,...) A000311(j) * D^j / j! also. The polynomials and operators can be generalized through A134991.

Also the Bell transform of A153881. For the definition of the Bell transform see A264428. - Peter Luschny, Jan 27 2016

Exponential Riordan array [2 - exp(x), 1 + 2*x - exp(x)] belonging to the derivative subgroup of the exponential Riordan group. See the example section for a factorization of this array as an infinite product of arrays. - Peter Bala, Feb 13 2025

Examples

			The triangle begins:
  [1]  1;
  [2] -1,  1;
  [3] -1, -3,  1;
  [4] -1, -1, -6,   1;
  [5] -1,  5,  5, -10,   1;
  [6] -1, 19, 30,  25, -15,   1;
  [7] -1, 49, 49,  70,  70, -21, 1.
P(3,t) = [B(.,-t) + 2t]^3 = B(3,-t) + 3B(2,-t)2t + 3B(1,-t)(2t)^2 + (2t)^3 = (-t + 3t^2 - t^3) + 3(-t + t^2)(2t) + 3(-t)(2t)^2 + (2t)^3 = -t - 3t + t^3.
From _Peter Bala_, Feb 13 2025: (Start)
The array factorizes as an infinite product of lower triangular arrays:
  /  1               \    / 1             \ / 1             \ / 1             \
  | -1   1           |   | -1  1          | | 0 -1          | | 0  1          |
  | -1  -3   1       | = | -1 -2   1      | | 0 -1  1       | | 0  0  1       | ...
  | -1  -1  -6   1   |   | -1 -3  -3  1   | | 0 -1 -2  1    | | 0  0 -1  1    |
  | -1   5   5 -10  1|   | -1 -4  -6 -4  1| | 0 -1 -3 -3  1 | | 0  0 -1 -2  1 |
  |...               |   |...             | |...            | |...            |
where the first array in the product on the right-hand side is A154926. (End)
		

References

• S. Roman, The Umbral Calculus, Academic Press, New York, 1984.
• G. Rota, Finite Operator Calculus, Academic Press, New York, 1975.

Links

• Vincenzo Librandi, Rows n = 1..25
• Peter Bala, Factorisations of some Riordan arrays as infinite products
• J. Taylor, Formal group laws and hypergraph colorings, doctoral thesis, Univ. of Wash., 2016, p. 95.

Crossrefs

Cf. A000169, A000311, A008277, A074051, A126617, A134991, A154926, A264428.

Cf. A298673 for the inverse matrix.

Programs

Maple

# The function BellMatrix is defined in A264428.
# Adds (1,0,0,0, ..) as column 0.
BellMatrix(n -> `if`(n=0,1,-1), 9); # Peter Luschny, Jan 27 2016

Mathematica

max = 8; s = Series[Exp[t*(-Exp[x]+2*x+1)], {x, 0, max}, {t, 0, max}] // Normal; t[n_, k_] := SeriesCoefficient[s, {x, 0, n}, {t, 0, k}]*n!; Table[t[n, k], {n, 0, max}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 23 2014 *)
BellMatrix[f_Function, len_] := With[{t = Array[f, len, 0]}, Table[BellY[n, k, t], {n, 0, len - 1}, {k, 0, len - 1}]];
rows = 12;
M = BellMatrix[If[# == 0, 1, -1] &, rows];
Table[M[[n, k]], {n, 2, rows}, {k, 2, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 24 2018, after Peter Luschny *)

Formula

Row polynomials are P(n,t) = Sum_{j=1..n} C(n,j) * t^j = [ Bell(.,-t) + 2t ]^n, umbrally, where Bell(j,t) are the Touchard/Bell/exponential polynomials described in A008277, with P(0,t) = 1.

E.g.f.: exp{ t * [ -exp(x) + 2x + 1] } and [ P(.,t) + P(.,s) ]^n = P(n,s+t).

The lowering operator gives L[P(n,t)] = n * P(n-1,t) = (D-1)/2 * P(n,t) + Sum_{j>=1} j^(j-1) * 2^(-j) / j! * exp(-j/2) * P(n,t + j/2).

The raising operator gives R[P(n,t)] = P(n+1,t) = 2t * { P(n,t) - Sum_{j>=1} j^(j-1) * 2^(-j) / j! * exp(-j/2) * P(n,t + j/2) } .

Therefore P(n+1,t) = 2t * { [ (1+D)/2 * P(n,t) ] - n * P(n-1,t) }.

P(n,1) = (-1)^n * A074051(n) and P(n,-1) = A126617(n).

See Rota, Roman, Mathworld or Wikipedia on Sheffer sequences and umbral calculus for more formulas, including expansion theorems.

From Tom Copeland, Jan 20 2018: (Start)

Define Q(n,z;w) = [Bell(.,w)+z]^n. Then Q(n,z;w) are a sequence of Appell polynomials with e.g.f. exp[(exp(t)-1+z)*w], lowering operator D = d/dz, and raising operator R = z + w*exp(D), and exp[(exp(D)-1)w] z^n = exp[Bell(.,w)D] z^n = Q(n,z;w) = e^(-w) (w d/dw + z)^n e^w = e^(-w) exp(a.w) = exp[(a. - 1)w] with (a.)^k = a_k = (k + z)^n and (a. - 1)^m = sum{k = 0,..,m} (-1)^k a^(m-k). Then P(n,t) = Q(n,2t;-t).

For example, exp[(a. - 1)w] = (a. - 1)^0 + (a. - 1)^1 w + (a. - 1)^2 w^2/2! + ... = a_0 + (a_1 - a_0) w + (a_2 - 2a_1 + a_0) w^2/2! + ... = z^n + [(1+z)^n - z^n] w + [(2+z)^n - 2(1+z)^n + z^n] w^2/2! + ... . (End)

T(n+1, k) = Sum_{i = 0..n} s(n,k)*binomial(n, i)*T(i, k-1), where s(n,i) = 1 if i = n else -1. - Peter Bala, Feb 13 2025

Extensions

More terms from Vincenzo Librandi, Jan 21 2018