A262517 -id:A262517 - cp's OEIS frontend

A259934 Infinite sequence starting with a(0)=0 such that A049820(a(k)) = a(k-1) for all k>=1, where A049820(n) = n - (number of divisors of n).

0, 2, 6, 12, 18, 22, 30, 34, 42, 46, 54, 58, 62, 70, 78, 90, 94, 102, 106, 114, 118, 121, 125, 129, 144, 152, 162, 166, 174, 182, 190, 194, 210, 214, 222, 230, 236, 242, 250, 254, 270, 274, 282, 294, 298, 302, 310, 314, 330, 342, 346, 354, 358, 366, 374, 390, 394, 402, 410, 418, 426, 434, 442, 446, 462, 466, 474, 486, 494, 510, 522, 530, 546, 558, 562, 566, 574, 582, 590

Offset: 0

Max Alekseyev, Jul 09 2015

Equivalently, satisfies the property: A000005(a(n)) = a(n)-a(n-1). The first differences a(n)-a(n-1) are given in A259935.
V. S. Guba (2015) proved that such an infinite sequence exists. Numerical evidence suggests that it may also be unique -- is it? All terms below 10^10 are defined uniquely.
If the current definition does not uniquely define the sequence, the "lexicographically earliest" condition may be added to make the sequence well-defined.
From Vladimir Shevelev, Jul 21 2015: (Start)
If a(k), a(k+1), a(k+2) is an arithmetic progression, then a(k+1) is in A175304.
Indeed, by the definition of this sequence, a(n)-a(n-1) = d(a(n)), for all n>=1, where d(n) = A000005(n). Hence, have a(k+1) - a(k) = a(k+2) - a(k+1) = d(a(k+1)) = d(a(k+2)). So a(k+1) + d(a(k+2)) = a(k+2) and a(k+1) + d(a(k+1)) = a(k+2).
Therefore, d(a(k+1) + d(a(k+1))) = d(a(k+2))= d(a(k+1)), i.e., a(k+1) is in A175304. Thus, if there are infinitely many pairs of the same consecutive terms of A259935, then A175304 is infinite (see there my conjecture). (End)
From Antti Karttunen, Nov 27 2015: (Start)
If multiple apparently infinite branches would occur at some point of computing, then even if the "lexicographically earliest" condition were then added to the definition, it would not help us much (when computing the sequence), as we would still not know which of the said branches were truly infinite. [See also Max Alekseyev's latter Jul 9 2015 posting on SeqFan-list, where he notes the same thing.] Note that many of the derived sequences tacitly assume that the uniqueness-conjecture is true. See also comments at A262693 and A262896.
One sufficient (but not a necessary) condition for the uniqueness of this sequence is that the sequence A262509 has infinite number of terms. Please see further comments there.
The graph of sequence exhibits two markedly different slopes, depending on whether it is on the "fast lane" of A049820 (even numbers) or the "slow lane" [odd numbers, for example when traversing the 1356 odd terms from 123871 to 113569 at range a(9859) .. a(8504)]. See A263086/A263085 for the "average cumulative speed difference" between the lanes. In general, slow and fast lane stay separate, except when they terminate into one of the squares (A262514) that work as "exchange ramps", forcing the parity (and thus the speed) to change. In average, the odd squares are slightly better than the even squares in attracting lanes going towards smaller numbers (compare A263253 to A263252). The cumulative effect of this bias is that the odd terms are much rarer in this sequence than the even terms (compare A263278 to A262516).
(End)

Robert Israel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..64800
M. Alekseyev et al., Apparently unique infinite sequences related to the sum of divisors, Discussion in SeqFan mailing list, 2015.
Michael De Vlieger, Poster illustrating A259934 and A263267
V. S. Guba et al., Sequence and divisors, 2015. (in Russian)

Cf. A000005, A049820, A060990, A259935 (first differences).
Topmost row of A263255. Cf. also irregular tables A263267 & A263265 and array A262898.
Cf. A262693 (characteristic function).
Cf. A155043, A262694, A262904 (left inverses).
Cf. A262514 (squares present), A263276 (their positions), A263277.
Cf. A262517 (odd terms).
Cf. A262509, A262510, A262897 (other subsequences).
Cf. also A175304, A260257, A262680.
Cf. A261089, A261103, A262503, A262506, A262516, A263279, A263280, A263085, A263086, A263253, A263257, A263278.
Cf. also A262679, A262896 (see the C++ program there).
No common terms with A045765 or A262903.
Positions of zeros in A262522, A262695, A262696, A262697, A263254.
Various metrics concerning finite side-trees: A262888, A262889, A262890.
Cf. also A262891, A262892 and A262895 (cf. its graph).
Cf. A260084, A260124 (variants).
Cf. also A179016 (a similar "beanstalk trunk sequence" but with more tractable and regular behavior).

N:= 10^4: # to get "guaranteed unique" terms <= N
S:= Vector(N,datatype=integer[1]):
for n from N+1 to 2*N do
  k:= n - numtheory:-tau(n);
  if k <= N then S[k]:= S[k]+1; B[k]:= n; fi;
od:
for n from N to 3 by -1 do
  if S[n] >= 1 then
    k:= n - numtheory:-tau(n);
    S[k]:= S[k]+1; B[k]:= n;
  fi
od:
A[0]:= 0: A[1]:= 2:
for n from 2 do
  b:= B[A[n-1]];
  if b > N or S[b] > 1 then break fi;
  A[n]:= b;
od:
seq(A[i],i=0..n-1); # Robert Israel, Jul 09 2015

NN = 10^4; (* to get "guaranteed unique" terms <= NN *)
Clear[A, B, S]; S[]=0; For[n = NN+1, n <= 2*NN, n++, k = n-DivisorSigma[0, n]; If[k <= NN, S[k] = S[k]+1; B[k]=n]]; For[n=NN, n >= 3, n--, If[S[n] >= 1 , k = n-DivisorSigma[0, n]; S[k] = S[k]+1; B[k]=n]]; A[0]=0; A[1]=2; For[n=2, True, n++, b = B[A[n-1]]; If[b>NN || S[b]>1, Break[]]; A[n]=b]; Table[A[i], {i, 0, n-1}] (* _Jean-François Alcover, Jul 22 2015, after Robert Israel *)

From Antti Karttunen, Nov 27 2015: (Start)
Other identities and observations. For all n >= 0:
a(n) = A262679(A262896(n)).
A155043(a(n)) = A262694(a(n)) = A262904(a(n)) = n.
A261089(n) <= a(n) <= A262503(n). [A261103 and A262506 give the distances of a(n) to these bounds.]
(End)

A262509 Numbers n such that there is no other number k for which A155043(k) = A155043(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 119143, 119147, 119163, 119225, 119227, 119921, 119923, 120081, 120095, 120097, 120101, 120281, 120293, 120349, 120399, 120707, 120747, 120891, 120895, 120903, 120917, 120919, 121443, 121551, 121823, 122079, 122261, 122263, 122273, 122277, 122813, 122961, 123205, 123213, 123223, 123237, 123257, 123765, 24660543, 24660549, 24662311, 24662329, 24663759, 24664997, 24665023, 24665351

Offset: 0

Antti Karttunen, Sep 25 2015

nonn

Starting offset is zero, because a(0) = 0 is a special case in this sequence.
Numbers where A155043 takes a unique value. (Those values are given by A262508.)
Numbers n such that there does not exist any other number h from which one could reach zero in exactly the same number of steps as from n by repeatedly applying the map where k is replaced by k - A000005(k) = A049820(k). Thus in the tree where zero is the root and parent-child relation is given by A049820(child) = parent, all the numbers > n+t (where t is a small value depending on n) have n as their common ancestor. As it is guaranteed that there is at least one infinite path in such a tree, any n in this sequence can be neither a leaf nor any other vertex in a finite side-tree, as then at least one node in the infinite part would have the same distance to the root, thus it must be that n itself is in the infinite part and thus has an infinite number of descendant vertices. Also, for the same reason, the tree cannot branch to two infinite parts from any ancestor of n (which are nodes nearer to the root of the tree, zero).
From the above it follows that if this sequence is infinite, then A259934 is guaranteed to be the only infinite sequence which starts with a(0)=0 and satisfies the condition A049820(a(k)) = a(k-1) for all k>=1, where A049820(n) = n-d(n) and d(n) is the number of divisors of n (A000005).  This is a sufficient condition for the uniqueness of A259934, although not necessary. See e.g. A179016 which is the unique infinite solution to a similar problem, even though A086876 contains no ones after its two initial terms.
Is it possible for any even terms to occur after zero? If not, then apart from zero, this would be a subsequence of A262517.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..68

Cf. A000005, A049820, A070319, A155043, A262508.
Subsequence of A259934, A261089, A262503 and A262513.
Cf. A262510 (gives the parent nodes for the terms a(1) onward), A262514, A262516, A262517.
Cf. also A086876, A179016.

\\ Compute A262508 and A262509 at the same time:
allocatemem((2^31)+(2^30));
\\ The limits used are quite ad hoc. Beware of the horizon-effect if you change these.
\\ As a post-check, test that A262509(n) = A259934(A262508(n)) for all the terms produced by this program.
uplim1 = 43243200 + 672; \\ = A002182(54) + A002183(54).
uplim2 = 36756720; \\ = A002182(53).
uplim3 = 10810800; \\
v155043 = vector(uplim1);
v262503 = vector(uplim3);
v262507 = vector(uplim3);
v155043[1] = 1; v155043[2] = 1;
for(i=3, uplim1, v155043[i] = 1 + v155043[i-numdiv(i)]);
A155043 = n -> if(!n,n,v155043[n]);
for(i=1, uplim1, v262503[v155043[i]] = i; v262507[v155043[i]]++; if(!(i%1048576),print1(i,", ")));
A262503 = n -> if(!n,n,v262503[n]);
A262507 = n -> if(!n,1,v262507[n]);
k=0; for(n=0, uplim3, if((1==A262507(n)) && (A262503(n) <= uplim2), write("b262508.txt", k, " ", n); write("b262509.txt", k, " ", A262503(n)); k++));

(define (A262509 n) (A261089 (A262508 n)))

a(n) = A261089(A262508(n)) = A262503(A262508(n)) = A259934(A262508(n)).

A262514 Squares present in A259934.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 121, 144, 113569, 123904, 398161, 399424, 1708249, 1710864, 24591681, 24681024, 53890281, 53934336, 184063489, 184742464, 8338063969, 8339342400, 470959650225, 470972003076, 25876358308161, 25876429524544, 168967735540081, 168967969517824, 303965800198225

Offset: 0

Antti Karttunen, Sep 26 2015

nonn

Every other term is even and every other odd. From each odd square starts a new run of odd terms in A259934 (see A262516 for the lengths of these and A262517 for the odd terms themselves), which lasts as long as the next even square is encountered, at which point the parity of terms is switched back to even.
The terms were grepped from the data file of A259934 provided by Max Alekseyev, which contained terms up to A259934(397420670) = 9999999974.
The indexing starts from zero, because a(0) = 0 is a special case in this sequence.
a(31) > 10^16. - Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Oct 07 2015

Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..30

Cf. A262515 (square roots of these terms), A262516, A262517, A259934.

a(n) = A259934(A263276(n)).

a(17)-a(30) from Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Oct 07 2015

A262510 Parent nodes of nonzero terms of A262509: a(n) = A049820(A262509(n)).

Original entry on oeis.org

119139, 119143, 119147, 119213, 119225, 119919, 119921, 120073, 120091, 120095, 120097, 120277, 120291, 120347, 120391, 120703, 120739, 120883, 120891, 120895, 120915, 120917, 121435, 121543, 121819, 122075, 122257, 122261, 122271, 122273, 122809, 122953, 123197, 123205, 123219, 123231, 123251, 123749, 24660527, 24660543, 24662309, 24662321, 24663755, 24664989, 24665019, 24665347, 24665929, 24665977, 24669139, 24669833

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Sep 25 2015

nonn

These numbers are one step nearer (than those of A262509) to the root (zero) of the tree where the parent-child relation is given by A049820(child) = parent. Like the terms of A262509, they are also vertices in the infinite trunk of that tree. Cf. A259934.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..68

Cf. A049820, A262508, A262509.
Subsequence of A259934 and A262511.
Also a subsequence of A262517 (provided all terms are odd).

(define (A262510 n) (A049820 (A262509 n)))

a(n) = A049820(A262509(n)).

a(n) = A259934(A262508(n)-1).

cp's OEIS Frontend

A259934 Infinite sequence starting with a(0)=0 such that A049820(a(k)) = a(k-1) for all k>=1, where A049820(n) = n - (number of divisors of n).

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A262509 Numbers n such that there is no other number k for which A155043(k) = A155043(n).

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A262514 Squares present in A259934.

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A262510 Parent nodes of nonzero terms of A262509: a(n) = A049820(A262509(n)).

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A262516 a(n) = length of n-th run of odd terms in A259934.

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