A332438 Decimal expansion of (2*cos(Pi/9))^2 = A332437^2.

3, 5, 3, 2, 0, 8, 8, 8, 8, 6, 2, 3, 7, 9, 5, 6, 0, 7, 0, 4, 0, 4, 7, 8, 5, 3, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 8, 3, 3, 3, 4, 7, 8, 7, 1, 6, 6, 4, 9, 1, 4, 1, 6, 0, 7, 9, 0, 4, 9, 1, 7, 0, 8, 0, 9, 0, 5, 6, 9, 2, 8, 4, 3, 1, 0, 7, 7, 7, 7, 1, 3, 7, 4, 9, 4, 4, 7, 0, 5, 6, 4, 5, 8, 5, 5, 3, 3, 6, 1, 0, 9, 6, 9

Offset: 1

Author

Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 31 2020

Keywords

• nonn
• cons

Comments

This algebraic number rho(9)^2 of degree 3 is a root of its minimal polynomial x^3 - 6*x^2 + 9*x - 1.

The other two roots are x2 = (2*cos(5*Pi/9))^2 = (2*cos(4*Pi/9))^2 = (R(4,rho(9)))^2 = 2 - rho(9) = 0.120614758..., and x3 = (2*cos(7*Pi/9))^2 = (2*cos(7*Pi/9))^2 = (R(7,rho(9)))^2 = 4 + rho(9) - rho(9)^2 = 2.347296355... = A130880 + 2, with rho(9) = 2*cos(Pi/9) = A332437, the monic Chebyshev polynomials R (see A127672), and the computation is done modulo the minimal polynomial of rho(9) which is x^3 - 3*x - 1 (see A187360).

This gives the representation of these roots in the power basis of the simple field extension Q(rho(9)). See the linked W. Lang paper in A187360, sect. 4.

This number rho(9)^2 appears as limit of the quotient of consecutive numbers af various sequences, e.g., A094256 and A094829.

The algebraic number rho(9)^2 - 2 = 1.532088898... of Q(rho(9)) has minimal polynomial x^3 - 3*x + 1 over Q. The other roots are -rho(9) = -A332437 and 2 + rho(9) - rho(9)^2 = A130880. - Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 20 2022

Examples

			3.5320888862379560704047853011108333478716649...
		

Links

• Index entries for algebraic numbers, degree 3.

Crossrefs

Cf. A019879, A063289, A094256, A094829, A127672, A130880, A187360, A332437.

2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/n): A104457 (n = 5), A116425 (n = 7), A296184 (n = 10), A019973 (n = 12).

Programs

Mathematica

RealDigits[(2*Cos[Pi/9])^2, 10, 100][[1]] (* Amiram Eldar, Mar 31 2020 *)

PARI

(2*cos(Pi/9))^2 \\ Michel Marcus, Sep 23 2022

Formula

Equals (2*cos(Pi/9))^2 = rho(9)^2 = A332437^2.

Equals 2 + i^(4/9) - i^(14/9). - Peter Luschny, Apr 04 2020

Equals 2 + w1^(1/3) + w2^(1/3), where w1 = (-1 + sqrt(3)*i)/2 = exp(2*Pi*i/3) and w2 = (-1 - sqrt(3)*i)/2 are the complex roots of x^3 - 1. - Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 20 2022

Constant c = 2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/9). The linear fractional transformation z -> c - c/z has order 9, that is, z = c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(z))))))))). - Peter Bala, May 09 2024

From Amiram Eldar, Nov 22 2024: (Start)

Equals 3 + sec(Pi/9)/2 = 3 + 1/(2*A019879).

Equals 3 + Product_{k>=3} (1 + (-1)^k/A063289(k)). (End)