A332438 -id:A332438 - cp's OEIS frontend

A104457 Decimal expansion of 1 + phi = phi^2 = (3 + sqrt(5))/2.

2, 6, 1, 8, 0, 3, 3, 9, 8, 8, 7, 4, 9, 8, 9, 4, 8, 4, 8, 2, 0, 4, 5, 8, 6, 8, 3, 4, 3, 6, 5, 6, 3, 8, 1, 1, 7, 7, 2, 0, 3, 0, 9, 1, 7, 9, 8, 0, 5, 7, 6, 2, 8, 6, 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 4, 8, 6, 2, 2, 7, 0, 5, 2, 6, 0, 4, 6, 2, 8, 1, 8, 9, 0, 2, 4, 4, 9, 7, 0, 7, 2, 0, 7, 2, 0, 4, 1, 8, 9, 3, 9, 1, 1, 3, 7, 4, 8

Offset: 1

Eric W. Weisstein, Mar 08 2005

Only first term differs from the decimal expansion of phi.
Zelo extends work of D. Roy by showing that the square of the golden ratio is the optimal exponent of approximation by algebraic numbers of degree 4 with bounded denominator and trace. - Jonathan Vos Post, Mar 02 2009 (Cf. last sentence in the Zelo reference. - Joerg Arndt, Jan 04 2014)
Hawkes asks: "What two numbers are those whose product, difference of their squares, and the ratio or quotient of their cubes, are all equal to each other?". - Charles R Greathouse IV, Dec 11 2012
This is the case n=10 in (Gamma(1/n)/Gamma(3/n))*(Gamma((n-1)/n)/Gamma((n-3)/n)) = 1+2*cos(2*Pi/n). - Bruno Berselli, Dec 14 2012
An algebraic integer of degree 2, with minimal polynomial x^2 - 3x + 1. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Nov 12 2014 [The other root is 2 - phi = A132338 - Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 29 2022]
To eight digits: 5*(((Pi+1)/e)-1) = 2.61803395481182... - Dan Graham, Nov 21 2017
The ratio diagonal/side of the second smallest diagonal in a regular 10-gon. - Mohammed Yaseen, Nov 04 2020
phi^2/10 is the moment of inertia of a solid regular icosahedron with a unit mass and a unit edge length (see A341906). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 08 2021

			2.6180339887498948482045868343656381177203091798...

Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 94, Cambridge University Press, 2003, Section 2.17.1, p. 153.
Alfred S. Posamentier, Math Charmers, Tantalizing Tidbits for the Mind, Prometheus Books, NY, 2003, pages 138-139.
Damien Roy. Diophantine Approximation in Small Degree. Centre de Recherches Mathématiques. CRM Proceedings and Lecture Notes. Volume 36 (2004), 269-285.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Books, NY, 1986, Revised edition 1987. See p. 45.

Ivan Panchenko, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Murray Berg, Phi, the golden ratio (to 4599 decimal places) and Fibonacci numbers, Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1966), pp. 157-162.
John Hawkes et al., Question 1029, The Mathematical Questions Proposed in the Ladies' Diary (1817), p. 339. Originally published 1798 and answered in 1799.
Casey Mongoven, Phi^2 number 1; electronic music created using Phi^2.
Hideyuki Ohtsuka, Problem B-1237, Elementary Problems and Solutions, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 4 (2018), p. 366; A Telescoping Product, Solution to Problem B-1237 by Steve Edwards, ibid., Vol. 57, No. 4 (2019), pp. 369-370.
Damien Roy, Diophantine Approximation in Small Degree, arXiv:math/0303150 [math.NT], 2003.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Chromatic Polynomial.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Fibonacci Hyperbolic Functions.
Wikipedia, Perron number.
Dmitrij Zelo, Simultaneous Approximation to Real and p-adic Numbers, arXiv:0903.0086 [math.NT], 2009.
Index entries for algebraic numbers, degree 2.
Index entries for sequences related to moment of inertia.

Cf. A001622, A094214, A094885, A132338, A229780, A239798, A341906.
Cf. A001519, A001906, A032908, A049310.
2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/n): A116425 (n = 7), A332438 (n = 9), A296184 (n = 10), A019973 (n = 12).

SetDefaultRealField(RealField(100)); (1+Sqrt(5))^2/4; // G. C. Greubel, Nov 23 2018

RealDigits[N[GoldenRatio+1,200]][[1]] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Feb 20 2011 *)

(3+sqrt(5))/2 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 21 2012

numerical_approx(golden_ratio^2, digits=100) # G. C. Greubel, Nov 23 2018

Equals 2 + A094214 = 1 + A001622. - R. J. Mathar, May 19 2008
Satisfies these three equations: x-sqrt(x)-1 = 0; x-1/sqrt(x)-2 = 0; x^2-3*x+1 = 0. - Richard R. Forberg, Oct 11 2014
Equals the nested radical sqrt(phi^2+sqrt(phi^4+sqrt(phi^8+...))). For a proof, see A094885. - Stanislav Sykora, May 24 2016
From Christian Katzmann, Mar 19 2018: (Start)
Equals Sum_{n>=0} (5*(2*n)!+8*n!^2)/(2*n!^2*3^(2*n+1)).
Equals 3/2 + Sum_{n>=0} 5*(2*n)!/(2*n!^2*3^(2*n+1)). (End)
Equals 1/A132338 = 2*A239798 = 5*A229780. - Mohammed Yaseen, Nov 04 2020
Equals Product_{k>=1} 1 + 1/(phi + phi^k), where phi is the golden ratio (A001622) (Ohtsuka, 2018). - Amiram Eldar, Dec 02 2021
c^n = phi * A001906(n) + A001519(n), where c = phi^2. - Gary W. Adamson, Sep 08 2023
Equals lim_{n->oo} S(n, 3)/S(n-1, 3) with the S-Chebyshev polynomials (see A049310), S(3, n) = A000045(2*(n+1)) = A001906(n+1). - Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 15 2023
From Peter Bala, May 08 2024: (Start)
Constant c = 2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/5).
The linear fractional transformation z -> c - c/z has order 5, that is, z = c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/z)))). (End)
Equals Product_{k>=1} (1 + 1/A032908(k)). - Amiram Eldar, Nov 28 2024

A130880 Decimal expansion of 2*sin(Pi/18).

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 4, 7, 2, 9, 6, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 8, 6, 0, 6, 9, 7, 7, 0, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 5, 3, 5, 3, 8, 6, 2, 9, 5, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0, 7, 5, 1, 3, 5, 4, 3, 6, 8, 1, 3, 8, 7, 7, 4, 4, 7, 2, 4, 8, 2, 7, 5, 6, 2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 1, 6, 4, 4, 2, 7, 8, 0, 2, 9, 4, 7, 0, 8, 4, 3, 0, 3, 3, 2, 2, 6, 3, 1, 4, 7, 9, 9, 1, 4, 8, 0, 2, 3, 9, 1, 8

Offset: 0

R. J. Mathar, Jul 26 2007

Also: a bond percolation threshold probability on the triangular lattice.

Also: the edge length of a regular 18-gon with unit circumradius. Such an m-gon is not constructible using a compass and a straightedge (see A004169). With an even m, in fact, it would be constructible only if the (m/2)-gon were constructible, which is not true in this case (see A272488). - Stanislav Sykora, May 01 2016

			0.347296355333860697703433253538629592...

John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. See p. 207.
Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 94, Cambridge University Press, 2003, Section 5.18.1, p. 373.

Stanislav Sykora, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2000
Steven R. Finch, Several Constants Arising in Statistical Mechanics, Annals Combinat., Vol. 3, Issue 2-4 (1999), pp. 323-335.
Wikipedia, Constructible number.
Wikipedia, Percolation threshold.
Wikipedia, Regular polygon.
Index entries for algebraic numbers, degree 3.

Cf. A004169, A019819, A019829, A019889, A063289, A133749, A178959, A332437, A332438.

Edge lengths of nonconstructible n-gons: A272487 (n=7), A272488 (n=9), A272489 (n=11), A272490 (n=13), A255241 (n=14), A272491 (n=19). - Stanislav Sykora, May 01 2016

RealDigits[N[2Sin[Pi/18], 100]][[1]] (* Robert Price, May 01 2016 *)

PARI
```
2*sin(Pi/18)
```

Equals 2*A019819 = A019829/A019889.
Algebraic number with minimal polynomial over Q equal to x^3 - 3*x + 1, a cyclic cubic, having zeros 2*sin(Pi/18) (= 2*cos(4*Pi/9)), 2*sin(5*Pi/18) (= 2*cos(2*Pi/9)) and -2*sin(7*Pi/18) (= -2*cos(Pi/9)). Cf. A332437. - Peter Bala, Oct 23 2021
Equals 2 + rho(9) - rho(9)^2, an element of the extension field Q(rho(9)), with rho(9) = 2*cos(Pi/9) = A332437 with minimal polynomial x^3 - 3*x - 1 over Q. - Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 20 2022
Equals -1 + Product_{k>=3} (1 - (-1)^k/A063289(k)). - Amiram Eldar, Nov 22 2024
Equals A133749/2 = 1 - A178959. - Hugo Pfoertner, Dec 15 2024

A296184 Decimal expansion of 2 + phi, with the golden section phi from A001622.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 6, 1, 8, 0, 3, 3, 9, 8, 8, 7, 4, 9, 8, 9, 4, 8, 4, 8, 2, 0, 4, 5, 8, 6, 8, 3, 4, 3, 6, 5, 6, 3, 8, 1, 1, 7, 7, 2, 0, 3, 0, 9, 1, 7, 9, 8, 0, 5, 7, 6, 2, 8, 6, 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 4, 8, 6, 2, 2, 7, 0, 5, 2, 6, 0, 4, 6, 2, 8, 1, 8, 9

Offset: 1

Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 08 2018

In a regular pentagon, inscribed in a unit circle this equals twice the largest distance between a vertex and a midpoint of a side.
This is an integer in the quadratic number field Q(sqrt(5)).
Only the first digit differs from A001622.

			3.618033988749894848204586834365638117720309179805762862135448622705260462...

Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 94, Cambridge University Press, 2003, Section 5.25, p. 417.

Sumit Kumar Jha, Two complementary relations for the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction, arXiv:2112.12081 [math.NT], 2021.
Index entries for algebraic numbers, degree 2.

Cf. A001622, A094214, A104457, A176055, A020837.

2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/n): A104457 (n = 5), A116425 (n = 7), A332438 (n = 9), A019973 (n = 12).

First@ RealDigits[2 + GoldenRatio, 10, 77] (* Michael De Vlieger, Jan 13 2018 *)

(5 + sqrt(5))/2 \\ Altug Alkan, Mar 19 2018

Equals 2 + A001622 = 1 + A104457 = 3 + A094214.
From Christian Katzmann, Mar 19 2018: (Start)
Equals Sum_{n>=0} (15*(2*n)!+40*n!^2)/(2*n!^2*3^(2*n+2)).
Equals 5/2 + Sum_{n>=0} 5*(2*n)!/(2*n!^2*3^(2*n+1)). (End)
Constant c = 2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/10). The linear fractional transformation z -> c - c/z has order 10, that is, z = c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(z)))))))))). - Peter Bala, May 09 2024

A094829 Number of (s(0), s(1), ..., s(2n+1)) such that 0 < s(i) < 9 and |s(i) - s(i-1)| = 1 for i = 1,2,...,2n+1, s(0) = 1, s(2n+1) = 6.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 6, 27, 109, 417, 1548, 5644, 20349, 72846, 259579, 922209, 3269889, 11579032, 40967400, 144863001, 512050438, 1809503019, 6393427173, 22587086305, 79791176292, 281856708180, 995606748757, 3516721295214

Offset: 2

Herbert Kociemba, Jun 13 2004

In general, a(n) = (2/m)*Sum_{r=1..m-1} sin(r*j*Pi/m)*sin(r*k*Pi/m)*(2*cos(r*Pi/m))^(2n+1) counts (s(0), s(1), ..., s(2n+1)) such that 0 < s(i) < m and |s(i)-s(i-1)| = 1 for i = 1,2,...,2n+1, s(0) = j, s(2n+1) = k.
a(n)/a(n-1) tends to 3.53208888...; = 2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/9) = A332438. - Gary W. Adamson, May 29 2008
From Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 27 2020: (Start)
The explicit form is written in terms of r = rho(9) = 2*cos(Pi/9) = A332437 as a Binet - de Moivre type formula a(n+2) = r^(2*(n+1))*(A(r) + Bp(r)*Cp(r)^(n+1)) + Bm(r)*Cm(r)^(n+1)), with A(r) = (1/9)*(2 + 5*r -r^2), approx. 0.87387081, Bp(r) = (1/18)*((14*r^2 - 5*r - 42)*sqrt(3*(3*r + 1)*(r - 1)) + r^2 - 5*r - 2) = (1/9)*(8 - r - 4*r^2), approx. -0.88974898, Cp(r) = (1/2)*(9*r^2 - 3*r - 26)*(3*r - 1 + sqrt(3*(3*r+1)*(r-1))) = 32 + 4*r - 11*r^2, approx. 0.66456322, Bm(r) = (1/18)*(-(14*r^2 - 5*r - 42)*sqrt(3*(3*r + 1)*(r - 1)) + r^2 - 5*r - 2) = (1/9)*(-10 -4*r + 5*r^2), approx. 0.01587816, and Cm(r) = (1/2)*(9*r^2 - 3*r - 26)*(3*r - 1 - sqrt(3*(3*r + 1)*(r - 1))) = 21 + 2*r - 7*r^2, approx. 0.03414828, for n >= 0.
Proof by partial fraction decomposition of the g.f. using the roots of 1 - 6*x + 9*x^2 - x^3 written in terms of r, which are X1(r) = 1/r^2 = 9 + r - 3*r^2, approx. 0.28311858, Xp(r) = (r/2)*(3*r - 1 + sqrt((3*(3*r+1))*(r-1))) = 1 + 2*r + r^2, approx. 8.29085937, Xm(r) = (r/2)*(3*r - 1 - sqrt((3*(3*r + 1))*(r - 1))) = -1 - 3*r + 2*r^2, approx. 0.42602205. Xp(r)*Xm(r) = r^2. The reduction with the minimal polynomial of r = rho(9), i.e., C(9, x) = x^3 - 3*x - 1 (see A187360) has been used to avoid all powers of r larger than 2. The reciprocal roots turn out to be the roots of the minimal polynomial of r^2, see A332438. 1/X1(r) = r^2, 1/Xp(r) = 2 - r, and 1/Xm(r) = 4 + r - r^2.
This proves the above stated limit of a(n+3)/a(n+2) for n to infinity, namely r^2 = A332438, approx. 3.53208889.
(End)

Michael De Vlieger, Table of n, a(n) for n = 2..1825
László Németh and László Szalay, Sequences Involving Square Zig-Zag Shapes, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 24 (2021), Article 21.5.2.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (6,-9,1).

Cf. A080938, A094256, A332437, A332438.

Drop[CoefficientList[Series[x^2/(1 - 6 x + 9 x^2 - x^3), {x, 0, 24}], x], 2] (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 05 2021 *)

a(n) = (2/9)*Sum_{r=1..8} sin(r*Pi/9)*sin(2*r*Pi/3)*(2*cos(r*Pi/9))^(2*n+1), for n >= 2.
a(n) = 6*a(n-1) - 9*a(n-2) + a(n-3).
G.f.: x^2/(1 - 6x + 9x^2 - x^3).
For the explicit form of a(n+2), for n >= 0, see a comment above. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 26 2020

A116425 Decimal expansion of 2 + 2cos(2Pi/7).

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 2, 4, 6, 9, 7, 9, 6, 0, 3, 7, 1, 7, 4, 6, 7, 0, 6, 1, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 9, 7, 6, 8, 0, 0, 8, 4, 7, 9, 6, 2, 1, 2, 6, 4, 5, 4, 9, 4, 6, 1, 7, 9, 2, 8, 0, 4, 2, 1, 0, 7, 3, 1, 0, 9, 8, 8, 7, 8, 1, 9, 3, 7, 0, 7, 3, 0, 4, 9, 1, 2, 9, 7, 4, 5, 6, 9, 1, 5, 1, 8, 8, 5, 0, 1, 4, 6, 5, 3, 1, 7, 0, 7, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 1, 1

Offset: 1

Eric W. Weisstein, Feb 15 2006

A root of the equation x^3 - 5*x^2 + 6*x - 1 = 0. - Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Jan 13 2016

The other two roots of this minimal polynomial of the present algebraic number (rho(7))^2, with rho(7) = 2*cos(Pi/7) = A160389 are (2*cos(3*Pi/7))^2 = (A255241)^2 and (2*cos(5*Pi/7))^2 = (-A255249)^2. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 30 2020

			3.246979603717467061...

Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge University Press, 2003, Section 5.25 Tutte-Beraha Constants, p. 417.

Jesús Salas and Alan D. Sokal, Transfer matrices and partition functions zeros for antiferromagnetic Potts models, arXiv:cond-mat/0004330 [cond-mat.stat-mech], 2000-2001, p. 64.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Logistic Map
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Silver Constant
Index entries for algebraic numbers, degree 3

Cf. A231187, A160389.
Cf. A003558, A054142, A255241, A255249.
2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/n): A104457 (n = 5), A332438 (n = 9), A296184 (n = 10), A019973 (n = 12).

First@ RealDigits[N[2 + 2 Cos[2 Pi/7], 120]] (* Michael De Vlieger, Jan 13 2016 *)

2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/7) \\ Michel Marcus, Jan 13 2016

Equals (2*cos(Pi/7))^2 = (A160389)^2.
Equals 2 + i^(4/7) - i^(10/7). - Peter Luschny, Apr 04 2020
Let  c = 2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/7). The linear fractional transformation z -> c - c/z has order 7, that is, z = c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/(c - c/z)))))). - Peter Bala, May 09 2024

A332437 Decimal expansion of 2*cos(Pi/9).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 8, 7, 9, 3, 8, 5, 2, 4, 1, 5, 7, 1, 8, 1, 6, 7, 6, 8, 1, 0, 8, 2, 1, 8, 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, 9, 4, 6, 2, 9, 3, 9, 8, 7, 2, 4, 1, 6, 2, 6, 8, 5, 2, 8, 9, 2, 9, 2, 6, 6, 1, 8, 0, 5, 7, 3, 3, 2, 5, 5, 4, 8, 4, 4, 2, 4, 2, 1, 9, 9, 1, 7, 7, 8, 9, 1, 7, 8, 9, 9, 4, 9, 1, 7, 7, 9, 6, 7, 5, 8, 9, 6, 1, 3, 4, 9

Offset: 1

Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 27 2020

This algebraic number called rho(9) of degree 3 = A055034(9) has minimal polynomial C(9, x) = x^3 - 3*x - 1 (see A187360).
rho(9) gives the length ratio diagonal/side of the smallest diagonal in the regular 9-gon.
The length ratio diagonal/side of the second smallest and the third smallest (or the largest) diagonal in the regular 9-gon are rho(9)^2 - 1 = A332438 - 1 and rho(9) + 1, respectively. - Mohammed Yaseen, Oct 31 2020

			rho(9) = 1.87938524157181676810821855464946293987241626852892926618...

John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. See p. 207.

Index entries for algebraic numbers, degree 3.

Cf. A019879, A055034, A056020, A156638, A187360, A214778, A215885, A332438.

RealDigits[2 * Cos[Pi/9], 10, 100][[1]] (* Amiram Eldar, Mar 27 2020 *)

2*cos(Pi/9) \\ Michel Marcus, Mar 28 2020

rho(9) = 2*cos(Pi/9).
Equals (-1)^(-1/9)*((-1)^(1/9) - i)*((-1)^(1/9) + i). - Peter Luschny, Mar 27 2020
Equals 2*A019879. - Michel Marcus, Mar 28 2020
Equals sqrt(A332438). - Mohammed Yaseen, Oct 31 2020
From Peter Bala, Oct 20 2021: (Start)
The zeros of x^3 - 3*x - 1 are r_1 = -2*cos(2*Pi/9), r_2 = -2*cos(4*Pi/9) and r_3 = -2*cos(8*Pi/9) = 2*cos(Pi/9).
The polynomial x^3 - 3*x - 1 is irreducible over Q (since it is irreducible mod 2) with discriminant equal to 3^4, a square. It follows that the Galois group of the number field Q(2*cos(Pi/9)) over Q is cyclic of order 3.
The mapping r -> 2 - r^2 cyclically permutes the zeros r_1, r_2 and r_3. The inverse cyclic permutation is given by r -> r^2 - r - 2.
The first differences r_1 - r_2, r_2 - r_3 and r_3 - r_1 are the zeros of the cyclic cubic polynomial x^3 - 9*x - 9 of discriminant 3^6.
First quotient relations:
r_1/r_2 = 1 + (r_3 - r_1); r_2/r_3 = 1 + (r_1 - r_2); r_3/r_1 = 1 + (r_2 - r_3);
r_2/r_1 = (r_3 - r_2) - 2; r_3/r_2 = (r_1 - r_3) - 2; r_1/r_3 = (r_2 - r_1) - 2;
r_1/r_2 + r_2/r_3 + r_3/r_1 = 3; r_2/r_1 + r_3/r_2 + r_1/r_3 = -6.
Thus the first quotients r_1/r_2, r_2/r_3 and r_3/r_1 are the zeros of the cyclic cubic polynomial x^3 - 3*x^2 - 6*x - 1 of discriminant 3^6. See A214778.
Second quotient relations:
(r_1*r_2)/(r_3^2) = 3*r_2 - 6*r_1 - 8, with two other similar relations by cyclically permuting the 3 zeros. The three second quotients are the zeros of the cyclic cubic polynomial x^3 + 24*x^2 + 3*x - 1 of discriminant 3^10.
(r_1^2)/(r_2*r_3) = 1 - 3*(r_2 + r_3), with two other similar relations by cyclically permuting the 3 zeros. (End)
Equals i^(2/9) + i^(-2/9). - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 25 2022
Equals Re((4+4*sqrt(3)*i)^(1/3)). - Gerry Martens, Mar 19 2024
From Amiram Eldar, Nov 22 2024: (Start)
Equals Product_{k>=1} (1 - (-1)^k/A056020(k)).
Equals 1 + Product_{k>=1} (1 + (-1)^k/A156638(k)). (End)

A094256 Expansion of x / ( (x-1)(x^3 - 9x^2 + 6*x - 1) ).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 7, 34, 143, 560, 2108, 7752, 28101, 100947, 360526, 1282735, 4552624, 16131656, 57099056, 201962057, 714012495, 2523515514, 8916942687, 31504028992, 111295205284, 393151913464, 1388758662221, 4905479957435, 17327203698086, 61202661233823, 216176614077600

Offset: 1

Gary W. Adamson, Apr 25 2004

Previous name was: Let M = the 4 X 4 matrix [0 1 0 0 / 0 0 1 0 / 0 0 0 1 / -1 10 -15 7]. Perform M^n * [1 0 0 0] = [p q r s]. Then a(n-3), a(n-2), a(n-1), a(n) = -p, -q, -r, -s respectively.
a(n)/a(n-1) tends to 3.53208888624... = 4*cos^2(Pi/9), which is an eigenvalue of the matrix and a root of the polynomial x^4 - 6x^3 + 15x^2 -10x + 1 = 0 (having roots 4*cos^2(r*Pi/9), with r = 1,2,3,4).
Number of (s(0), s(1), ..., s(2n+4)) such that 0 < s(i) < 9 and |s(i) - s(i-1)| = 1 for i = 1,2,...,2n+4, s(0) = 1, s(2n+4) = 7. - Herbert Kociemba, Jun 13 2004
From Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 27 2020: (Start)
This sequence, with offset -5, starting with -85, -10, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 7, ... appears in the formula for the n-th power of the 4 X 4 tridiagonal matrix given in A332602 as M_4 = matrix([1,1,0,0], [1,2,1,0], [0,1,2,1], [0,0,1,2]): (M_4)^n = a(n-2)*(M_4)^3 + b(n)*(M_4)^2 + c(n)*M_4 - a(n-3)*1_4, for n >= 0, with the 4 X 4 unit Matrix 1_4, b(n) = -15*a(n-3) + 10*a(n-4) - a(n-5), and c(n) = 10*a(n-3) - a(n-4). Proof from the characteristc polynomial of M_4 (see a comment in A332602) and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
From the proof that A094829(n+3)/A094829(n+2) -> rho(9)^2 = A332438 for n-> infinitiy, with rho(9) = 2*cos(Pi/9) = A332437 (see a comment in A094829), and a formula given below the same limit is obtained for a(n+1)/a(n) for n -> infinity, as stated in a comment above. (End)

			a(2), a(3), a(4), a(5) = 7, 34, 143, 560, since M^5 * [1 0 0 0] = [ -7 -34 -143 -560].
Cayley-Hamilton: (M_4)^5 = a(3)*(M_4)^3 + b(5)*(M_4)^2 + c(5)*M_4 - a(2)*1_4 = 34*(M_4)^3 - 95*(M_4)^2 + 69*M_4 - 7*1_4. - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Mar 27 2020

C. V. Durell and A. Robson, "Advanced Trigonometry", Dover 2003, p. 216.

Michael De Vlieger, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1824
G. Kreweras, Sur les éventails de segments, Cahiers du Bureau Universitaire de Recherche Opérationnelle, Institut de Statistique, Université de Paris, #15 (1970), 3-41. [Annotated scanned copy]
László Németh and László Szalay, Sequences Involving Square Zig-Zag Shapes, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 24 (2021), Article 21.5.2.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (7,-15,10,-1).

a(n) = A005023(n-1), n > 1. - R. J. Mathar, Sep 05 2008

Cf. A080938, A094829, A332602, A332437, A332438.

I:=[1,7,34,143]; [n le 4 select I[n] else 7*Self(n-1) - 15*Self(n-2) + 10*Self(n-3) - Self(n-4): n in [1..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 25 2015

Table[ (MatrixPower[{{0, 1, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 1}, {-1, 10, -15, 7}}, n].{-1, 0, 0, 0})[[4]], {n, 24}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Apr 28 2004 *)
LinearRecurrence[{7, -15, 10, -1}, {1, 7, 34, 143}, 40] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 25 2015 *)

Vec(x / ( (x-1)*(x^3-9*x^2+6*x-1) ) + O(x^30)) \\ Michel Marcus, Jul 25 2015

From Herbert Kociemba, Jun 13 2004: (Start)
a(n) = (2/9)*Sum_{r=1..8} sin(r*Pi/9)*sin(7*r*Pi/9)*(2*cos(r*Pi/9))^(2n+4).
a(n) = 7*a(n-1) - 15*a(n-2) + 10*a(n-3) - a(n-4).
G.f.: x / ( (x-1)*(x^3 - 9*x^2 + 6*x - 1) ). (End)
3*a(n) = 1 - A094829(n+2) + 8*A094829(n+1) - A094829(n). - R. J. Mathar, Jun 29 2012 [offset corrected, and A094829(1) = 0. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 27 2020]
a(n) = (1/3)*(1 + 2*A094829(n+1) + 8*A094829(n) - A094829(n-1)), for n >= 1, with A094829(1) and A094829(0) = 0. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 27 2020

More terms from Robert G. Wilson v, Apr 28 2004
a(25)-a(26) from Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 25 2015
New name (using g.f. from Herbert Kociemba) from Joerg Arndt, Jul 25 2015

A080938 Number of Catalan paths (nonnegative, starting and ending at 0, step +-1) of 2*n steps with all values less than or equal to 7.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1429, 4846, 16645, 57686, 201158, 704420, 2473785, 8704089, 30664890, 108126325, 381478030, 1346396146, 4753200932, 16783118309, 59266297613, 209302921830, 739203970773, 2610763825782, 9221050139566, 32568630376132

Offset: 0

Henry Bottomley, Feb 25 2003

From Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 27 2020: (Start)
a(n) also gives the upper left entry of the n-th power of the 4 X 4 tridiagonal matrix M_4, given in A332602: M_4 = Matrix([1,1,0,0], [1,2,1,0], [0,1,2,1], [0,0,1,2]): a(n) = (M_4)^n[1,1]. Proof from the formula for (M_4)^n, given in a comment in A094256, derived from the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, which leads to the recurrence. The formula for a(n) in terms of A094256 is given below.
For A094256(n+1)/A094256(n), like for A094829(n+1)/A094829(n), the limit for n -> infinity is rho(9)^2 = A332438 = 3.53208888..., with rho(9) = 2*cos(Pi/9) = A332437. Therefore the formula of a(n) in terms of A094256 shows that the same limit is reached for a(n+1)/a(n). See this conjecture by Gary W. Adamson in A332602.
(End)

			1 + x + 2*x^2 + 5*x^3 + 14*x^4 + 42*x^5 + 132*x^6 + 429*x^7 + ...

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Jean-Luc Baril, Toufik Mansour, José L. Ramírez, and Mark Shattuck, Catalan words avoiding a pattern of length four, Univ. de Bourgogne (France, 2024). See p. 3.
Wei Chen, Enumeration of Set Partitions Refined by Crossing and Nesting Numbers, MS Thesis, Department of Mathematics. Simon Fraser University, Fall 2014. Table 4.1, k=4.
Michael Dairyko, Lara Pudwell, Samantha Tyner, and Casey Wynn, Non-contiguous pattern avoidance in binary trees. Electron. J. Combin. 19 (2012), no. 3, Paper 22, 21 pp. MR2967227.
Sergey Kitaev, Jeffrey Remmel and Mark Tiefenbruck, Marked mesh patterns in 132-avoiding permutations I, arXiv:1201.6243v1 [math.CO], 2012 (Corollary 3, case k=7, pages 10-11). - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, May 09 2012.
László Németh and László Szalay, Sequences Involving Square Zig-Zag Shapes, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 24 (2021), Article 21.5.2.
Lara Pudwell, Pattern avoidance in trees (slides from a talk, mentions many sequences), 2012.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (7,-15,10,-1).

Cf. A000007, A000012, A011782, A001519, A007051, A080937, A024175, A033191 which essentially provide the same sequence for different limits and tend to A000108.

Cf. A211216, A094826 (first differences), A094829, A094829, A332602, A332437, A332438.

I:=[1,1,2,5]; [n le 4 select I[n] else 7*Self(n-1)-15*Self(n-2)+10*Self(n-3)-Self(n-4): n in [1..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 30 2018

CoefficientList[Series[(1 - 2 x) (2 x^2 - 4 x + 1) / ((x - 1) (x^3 - 9 x^2 + 6 x - 1)), {x, 0, 40}], x] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 30 2018 *)
LinearRecurrence[{7, -15, 10, -1}, {1, 1, 2, 5}, 30] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 07 2019 *)

{a(n) = local(A); A = 1; for( i=1, 7, A = 1 / (1 - x*A)); polcoeff( A + x * O(x^n), n)} /* Michael Somos, May 12 2012 */

a(n) = A080934(n,7).
G.f.: -(2*x - 1)*(2*x^2 - 4*x + 1) / ( (x - 1)*(x^3 - 9*x^2 + 6*x - 1) ). - Ralf Stephan, May 13 2003
a(n) = 7*a(n-1) - 15*a(n-2) + 10*a(n-3) - a(n-4). - Herbert Kociemba, Jun 13 2004
G.f.: 1 / (1 - x / (1 - x / (1 - x / (1 - x / (1 - x / (1 - x / (1 - x))))))). - Michael Somos, May 12 2012
a(n) = 5*b(n-2) - 21*b(n-3) + 19*b(n-4) - 2*b(n-5), for n >= 0, with b(n) = A094256(n), for n >= -5. See a comment in A094256 for this offset, and the above comment. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 28 2020

A063289 Dimension of the space of weight n cuspidal newforms for Gamma_1( 16 ).

Original entry on oeis.org

-1, 2, 7, 11, 16, 20, 25, 29, 34, 38, 43, 47, 52, 56, 61, 65, 70, 74, 79, 83, 88, 92, 97, 101, 106, 110, 115, 119, 124, 128, 133, 137, 142, 146, 151, 155, 160, 164, 169, 173, 178, 182, 187, 191, 196, 200, 205, 209, 214, 218, 223, 227, 232, 236

Offset: 2

N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 14 2001

It appears that for n > 2 a(n) = floor((9n-22)/2). - Gary Detlefs, Mar 02 2010

William A. Stein, Dimensions of the spaces S_k^{new}(Gamma_1(N)).
William A. Stein, The modular forms database.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (1, 1, -1).

Cf. A063232, A063233, A017185 (bisection), A130880, A332438.

Join[{-1}, Table[9*n/2 + (-1)^n/4 - 45/4, {n, 3, 60}]] (* Amiram Eldar, Jan 12 2024 *)

a(n) = 9*n/2 + (-1)^n/4 - 45/4 for n >= 3, with first differences in A010710. - R. J. Mathar, Dec 06 2010
From M. F. Hasler, Mar 05 2012: (Start)
G.f.: x^2*(-1 + 3*x + 6*x^2 + x^3)/(1 - x - x^2 + x^3).
a(n+2) = a(n)+9 (n>2), a(2n+1) = a(2n)+4 (n>1), a(2n) = a(2n-1)+5 (n>1). (End)
Sum_{n>=3} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = cot(2*Pi/9)*Pi/9. - Amiram Eldar, Jan 12 2024
From Amiram Eldar, Nov 22 2024: (Start)
Product_{n>=3} (1 - (-1)^n/a(n)) = 2*sin(Pi/18) + 1 (= A130880 + 1).
Product_{n>=3} (1 + (-1)^n/a(n)) = (1/2) * sec(Pi/9) (= A332438 - 3). (End)

A178959 Decimal expansion of the site percolation threshold for the (3,6,3,6) Kagome Archimedean lattice.

Original entry on oeis.org

6, 5, 2, 7, 0, 3, 6, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 1, 3, 9, 3, 0, 2, 2, 9, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4, 6, 4, 6, 1, 3, 7, 0, 4, 0, 7, 9, 9, 9, 2, 4, 8, 6, 4, 5, 6, 3, 1, 8, 6, 1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 2, 7, 5, 1, 7, 2, 4, 3, 7, 3, 5, 8, 6, 8, 3, 5, 5, 7, 2, 1, 9, 7, 0, 5, 2, 9, 1, 5, 6, 9, 6, 6, 7, 7, 3, 6, 8, 5, 2, 0, 0, 8, 5, 1, 9, 7, 6

Offset: 0

Jonathan Vos Post, Dec 22 2012

Consider an infinite graph where vertices are selected with probability p. The site percolation threshold is a unique value p_c such that if p > p_c an infinite connected component of selected vertices will almost surely exist, and if p < p_c an infinite connected component will almost surely not exist. This sequence gives p_c for the (3,6,3,6) Kagome Archimedean lattice.

This is one of the three real roots of x^3 - 3x^2 + 1. The other roots are 1 + A332437 = 2.879385241... and -(A332438 - 3) = - 0.5320888862... . - Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 13 2022

			0.652703644666139302296566746461370407999248645631861225527517243735868355...

M. F. Sykes and J. W. Essam, Exact critical percolation probabilities for site and bond problems in two dimensions, J. Math. Phys. 5, 1117 (1964).
Wikipedia, Percolation threshold

Cf. A130880, A174849, A332437, A332438.

RealDigits[1 - 2 Sin[Pi/18], 10, 105][[1]] (* Alonso del Arte, Dec 22 2012 *)

1-2*sin(Pi/18) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 03 2013

Equals 1 - 2*sin(Pi/18) = 1 = 1 - 2*cos(4*Pi/9) = 1 - A130880.

a(98) corrected and more terms from Georg Fischer, Jun 06 2024

cp's OEIS Frontend

A104457 Decimal expansion of 1 + phi = phi^2 = (3 + sqrt(5))/2.

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A130880 Decimal expansion of 2*sin(Pi/18).

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A296184 Decimal expansion of 2 + phi, with the golden section phi from A001622.

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A094829 Number of (s(0), s(1), ..., s(2n+1)) such that 0 < s(i) < 9 and |s(i) - s(i-1)| = 1 for i = 1,2,...,2n+1, s(0) = 1, s(2n+1) = 6.

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A116425 Decimal expansion of 2 + 2*cos(2*Pi/7).

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A332437 Decimal expansion of 2*cos(Pi/9).

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A094256 Expansion of x / ( (x-1)*(x^3 - 9*x^2 + 6*x - 1) ).

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A116425 Decimal expansion of 2 + 2cos(2Pi/7).

A094256 Expansion of x / ( (x-1)(x^3 - 9x^2 + 6*x - 1) ).