cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

Showing 1-4 of 4 results.

A372421 Number of steps required to kill the hydra in a version of the hydra game (see comments) where the rightmost head is chopped off in each step and new heads are grown to the left.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 9, 49, 1230, 757071, 286578628063, 41063655031378934880024, 843111882268046256673111236649909091104560309, 355418823010783945962646271385485944012152784388172734299894340514265378207290093661367905
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

The hydra is represented as an ordered tree, initialized to a path with n edges, with the root of the tree at a terminal node of the path. At the k-th step, the leaf (head) that is reached by following the rightmost path from the root is chopped off (equivalently, for this specific hydra, the head to be chopped off is always one of the heads farthest from the root). If only the root remains, the hydra dies and the game ends. If the head chopped off was directly connected to the root, nothing more happens in this step. Otherwise, k new heads are grown from the node two levels closer to the root from the head chopped off (its grandparent).
In this version, the new heads grow to the left of all existing branches of the grandparent, while in A372101, they grow to the right.

Examples

			For n = 3, the first three steps are illustrated in the diagrams below. In these diagrams, "R" denotes the root, "o" internal nodes, "X" the head to be chopped off, and "H" other heads.
.
                     H       H H           H H H
                    /        |/             \|/
R--o--o--X  =>  R--o--X  =>  R--o--X  =>  H--R--X
                                            /
                                           H
.
After this no more heads will grow, so another 6 steps are needed to chop off the remaining heads. The total number of steps is thus a(3) = 3 + 6 = 9.
		

Crossrefs

Partial sums of A370615.
Last element in each row of A372593.
Sequences with similar recurrences: A006894, A007501.

Programs

  • Mathematica
    Block[{n = 0}, NestList[++n + PolygonalNumber[#] &, 0, 11]]

Formula

a(0) = 0; for n >= 1, a(n) = a(n-1)*(a(n-1)+1)/2 + n = A000217(a(n-1)) + n.
a(n) ~ 2 * c^(2^n), where c = 1.2222440178780117503347646365410387156780573376846000146... - Pontus von Brömssen and Vaclav Kotesovec, May 09 2024

A180368 Number of steps of the one-sided hydra process for a linear tree of length n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 8, 38, 161915
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Vladimir Reshetnikov, Aug 31 2010

Keywords

Comments

This process on trees is called Hydra in reference to the Hercules myth (killing the Hydra was the 2nd of the 12 labors of Hercules).
When you cut off a head (leaf node), the node that was its parent replicates together with a remaining subtree (unless the parent was the root node). The process ends when there is only the root node.
Given a linear hydra of length n, how many heads do you have to cut off if you always cut off the leftmost remaining head?
(Note that in the myth, the Hydra had 9 heads, and each head that was chopped off was replaced by two smaller ones.)

Examples

			Here is the sequence of hydra transformations for a(3) = 8.
Sequence of heights is     3,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,0.
Sequence of node counts is 4,4,5,5,4,3,3,2,1.
Sequence of head counts is 1,2,2,3,2,1,2,1,0.
x is the head that will be cut off at the next step:
x
|
o      x o      x o          o        o      x
|      |/       | |          |        |      |
o      o        o o      x o o      x o      o      x o      x
|      |        |/        \|/       |/       |      |/       |
o  =>  o    =>  o    =>    o    =>  o    =>  o  =>  o    =>  o  =>  o
		

Crossrefs

Last element in each row of A372594.

Programs

  • Maple
    b:= proc(h) local f; f:= h[1];
           subsop(1=`if`(f=[], NULL,
                    `if`(f[1]=[], (subsop(1=NULL, f))$2
                                 , b(f))), h)
        end:
    a:= proc(n) local i, t;
          [];
          for i to n do [%] od;
          for t from 0 while %<>[] do b(%) od; t
        end:
    seq(a(n), n=0..5);  # Alois P. Heinz, Mar 31 2011

Extensions

Edited by Olivier Gérard, Mar 28 2011

A372592 Irregular triangle read by rows, where the n-th row gives the number of steps in the hydra game when the initial hydra is each of the A000108(n) ordered trees with n edges (ordered by lexicographic order of their corresponding Dyck words as in A063171) and new heads are grown to the right.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 7, 9, 11, 15, 23, 31, 79, 447, 1114111, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 32, 80, 448, 1114112, 9, 11, 13, 17, 25, 15, 19, 23, 31, 47, 63, 159, 895, 2228223, 79, 191, 447, 2303, 53247, 1114111, 45079976738815, 6065988000108893953800078394579416901568357495071628808248312306073599
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Pontus von Brömssen, May 06 2024

Keywords

Comments

As in A372101, the rightmost head (leaf) is always chopped off, and after the m-th head is chopped off (if it is not directly connected to the root) m new heads grow from the node two levels closer to the root from the head chopped off (its grandparent) to the right of all existing branches of that node.
T(5,37) = 20472...84351 (167697 digits). The corresponding initial tree is represented by the bracket string "((()(())))" (the 37th Dyck word on 5 pairs of brackets).

Examples

			Triangle begins:
  0;
  1;
  2, 3;
  3, 4, 5, 7, 11;
  4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 7, 9, 11, 15, 23, 31, 79, 447, 1114111;
  ...
For n = 4, k = 10, the hydra game for the initial tree corresponding to the bracket string "(()(()))" (the 10th Dyck word on 4 pairs of brackets) is shown below. The root is denoted by "R", internal nodes by "o", the head to be chopped off by "X", other heads by "H". Numbers below the arrows show how many steps that are required to go from the tree on the left to the tree on the right.
.
        X
       /
  H   o         H   H       H   H       H   X      X
   \ /           \ /         \ /         \ /        \
    o             o--X        o H         o          o      X
    |             |           |/          |          |      |
    R       =>    R     =>    R--X  =>    R    =>    R  =>  R  =>  R
  T(4,10) = 1     +     1     +     2     +    6     +  12  +  1   = 23.
		

Crossrefs

Last elements on each row give A372101.

Formula

T(n,k) = T(n-1,k)+1 if 1 <= k <= A000108(n-1).

A372478 Number of steps required to kill a Kirby-Paris hydra composed of a linear graph with n edges where, after removing the rightmost head at step s, s new subtrees sprout from the head's grandparent node (see comments).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 37
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Paolo Xausa, May 02 2024

Keywords

Comments

This is a variation of A372101 in which the hydra grows new subtrees instead of new heads. See Kirby and Paris (1982), p. 286, for a detailed explanation (with diagrams) of this process, for a generic hydra.
Similar to A372101, the initial configuration of this specific hydra is a path with n segments. The rightmost head is the next to be chopped off. When this happens at step s, s new replicas of the subtree above the removed head's grandparent node (which includes the segment connecting the head's parent and grandparent) sprout to the right of the grandparent node. If the chopped head has no grandparent, no subtrees are added.
As an example, here's how the following hypothetical portion of the hydra evolves, assuming we are at step 2 (H = head, o = node, X is chopped head, P = parent node, G = grandparent node):
.
H H H H H H H H
\ | \ | | | | |
o o X o o o o o o 2 new replicas (excluding the removed segment)
\|/ \| |/ |/ of the subtree "above" (and including) the
P ---> o o o G-P segment grow at the right of node G
| |/ /
H--o--G H--o--G----
| |
.
According to the Wikipedia article, a(4) >> Graham's number.
In their paper, Kirby and Paris prove that no matter what the starting configuration of the hydra is--as long as it's a finite tree--and no matter which head is chosen to be chopped off next, the hydra will eventually be defeated.
See A180368 for a variation in which only one new subtree grows after each chopping.

Examples

			In the following tree diagrams R is the root, o is a node and H is a head (leaf). Head chopping (leaf removal) is denoted by X.
For n = 2, the sequence of the 3 choppings is:
.
  H        X
   \        \
    o        o   H    H   X    X
     \        \ /      \ /      \
      R        R        R        R
.
For n = 3, the sequence of the 37 choppings is:
.
  H        X
   \        \
    o        o   H    H X H   H   H   H   X      H   H
     \        \ /      \| |  /     \  |  /        \  |
      o        o        o o o       o o o H H H    o o X X X X
       \        \        \|/         \|/ / / /      \|/ / / /
        R        R        R           R------        R------
.
  H   X          H              X
   \  |           \              \
    o o H (8) H    o   X (9) X    o   H  (18)  H   X   (19)  X
     \|/ ... /      \ / ... /      \ /  ...   /     \  ...  /
      R------        R------        R---------       ---R---
.
		

Crossrefs

Last element in each row of A372595.
Showing 1-4 of 4 results.