A047969 Square array of nexus numbers a(n,k) = (n+1)^(k+1) - n^(k+1) (n >= 0, k >= 0) read by upwards antidiagonals.

1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 5, 7, 1, 1, 7, 19, 15, 1, 1, 9, 37, 65, 31, 1, 1, 11, 61, 175, 211, 63, 1, 1, 13, 91, 369, 781, 665, 127, 1, 1, 15, 127, 671, 2101, 3367, 2059, 255, 1, 1, 17, 169, 1105, 4651, 11529, 14197, 6305, 511, 1, 1, 19, 217, 1695, 9031

Offset: 0

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl
• nice
• easy

Comments

If each row started with an initial 0 (i.e., a(n,k) = (n+1)^k - n^k) then each row would be the binomial transform of the preceding row. - Henry Bottomley, May 31 2001

a(n-1, k-1) is the number of ordered k-tuples of positive integers such that the largest of these integers is n. - Alford Arnold, Sep 07 2005

From Alford Arnold, Jul 21 2006: (Start)

The sequences in A047969 can also be calculated using the Eulerian Array (A008292) and Pascal's Triangle (A007318) as illustrated below: (cf. A101095).

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

-----------------------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5

1 3 5 7 9 11

-----------------------------------------

1 3 6 10 15 21

4 12 24 40 60

1 3 6 10

1 7 19 37 61 91

-----------------------------------------

1 4 10 20 35 56

11 44 110 220 385

11 44 110 220

1 4 10

1 15 65 175 369 671

----------------------------------------- (End)

From Peter Bala, Oct 26 2008: (Start)

The above remarks of Alford Arnold may be summarized by saying that (the transpose of) this array is the Hilbert transform of the triangle of Eulerian numbers A008292 (see A145905 for the definition of the Hilbert transform). In this context, A008292 is best viewed as the array of h-vectors of permutohedra of type A. See A108553 for the Hilbert transform of the array of h-vectors of type D permutohedra. Compare this array with A009998.

The polynomials n^k - (n-1)^k, k = 1,2,3,..., which give the nonzero entries in the columns of this array, satisfy a Riemann hypothesis: their zeros lie on the vertical line Re s = 1/2 in the complex plane. See A019538 for the connection between the polynomials n^k - (n-1)^k and the Stirling polynomials of the simplicial complexes dual to the type A permutohedra.

(End)

Empirical: (n+1)^(k+1) - n^(k+1) is the number of first differences of length k+1 arrays of numbers in 0..n, k > 0. - R. H. Hardin, Jun 30 2013

a(n-1, k-1) is the number of bargraphs of width k and height n. Examples: a(1,2) = 7 because we have [1,1,2], [1,2,1], [2,1,1], [1,2,2], [2,1,2], [2,2,1], and [2,2,2]; a(2,1) = 5 because we have [1,3], [2,3], [3,1], [3,2], and [3,3] (bargraphs are given as compositions). This comment is equivalent to A. Arnold's Sep 2005 comment. - Emeric Deutsch, Jan 30 2017

Examples

			Array a begins:
  [n\k][0  1   2    3    4   5  6  ...
  [0]   1  1   1    1    1   1  1  ...
  [1]   1  3   7   15   31  63  ...
  [2]   1  5  19   65  211  ...
  [3]   1  7  37  175  ...
  ...
Triangle T begins:
  n\m   0   1    2     3     4      5      6      7      8     9  10 ...
  0:    1
  1:    1   1
  2:    1   3    1
  3:    1   5    7     1
  4:    1   7   19    15     1
  5:    1   9   37    65    31      1
  6:    1  11   61   175   211     63      1
  7:    1  13   91   369   781    665    127      1
  8:    1  15  127   671  2101   3367   2059    255      1
  9:    1  17  169  1105  4651  11529  14197   6305    511     1
  10:   1  19  217  1695  9031  31031  61741  58975  19171  1023   1
  ...  - _Wolfdieter Lang_, May 07 2021
		

References

• J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, Copernicus Press, NY, 1996, p. 54.

Links

• T. D. Noe, Rows n = 0..100 of triangle, flattened
• A. Blecher, C. Brennan, A. Knopfmacher and Helmut Prodinger, The height and width of bargraphs, Discrete Applied Math. 180, (2015), 36-44.
• Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Nexus Number

Crossrefs

Cf. A047970.

Cf. A009998, A108553 (Hilbert transform of array of h-vectors of type D permutohedra), A145904, A145905.

Row n sequences of array a: A000012, A000225(k+1), A001047(k+1), A005061(k+1), A005060(k+1), A005062(k+1), A016169(k+1), A016177(k+1), A016185(k+1), A016189(k+1), A016195(k+1), A016197(k+1).

Column k sequences of array a: (nexus numbers): A000012, A005408, A003215, A005917(n+1), A022521, A022522, A022523, A022524, A022525, A022526, A022527, A022528.

Cf. A343237 (row reversed triangle).

Programs

Mathematica

Flatten[Table[n = d - e; k = e; (n + 1)^(k + 1) - n^(k + 1), {d, 0, 100}, {e, 0, d}]] (* T. D. Noe, Feb 22 2012 *)

Maxima

T(n,m):=if m=0 then 1 else sum(k!*(-1)^(m+k)*stirling2(m,k)*binomial(n+k-1,n),k,0,m); /* Vladimir Kruchinin, Jan 28 2018 */

Formula

From Vladimir Kruchinin: (Start)

O.g.f. of e.g.f of rows of array: ((1-x)*exp(y))/(1-x*exp(y))^2.

T(n,m) = Sum_{k=0..m} k!*(-1)^(m+k)*Stirling2(m,k)*C(n+k-1,n), T(n,0)=1.(End)

From Wolfdieter Lang, May 07 2021: (Start)

T(n,m) = a(n-m,m) = (n-m+1)^(m+1) - (n-m)^(m+1), n >= 0, m = 0, 1,..., n.

O.g.f. column k of the array: polylog(-(k+1), x)*(1-x)/x. See the Peter Bala comment above, and the Eulerian triangle A008292 formula by Vladeta Jovovic, Sep 02 2002.

E.g.f. of e.g.f. of row of the array: exp(y)*(1 + x*(exp(y) - 1))*exp(x*exp(y)).

O.g.f. of triangle's exponential row polynomials R(n, y) = Sum_{m=0} T(n, m)*(y^m)/m!: G(x, y) = exp(x*y)*(1 - x)/(1 - x*exp(x*y))^2. (End)