cp's OEIS Frontend

A reduced Latin square of order n is an n X n matrix where each row and column is a permutation of 1..n and the first row and column are 1..n in increasing order. - Michael Somos, Mar 12 2011

The Stones-Wanless (2010) paper shows among other things that a(n) is 0 mod n if n is composite and 1 mod n if n is prime.

x*y is isomorphic to y*x.

A quasigroup is a groupoid G such that for all a and b in G, there exist unique c and d in G such that ac = b and da = b. Hence a quasigroup is not required to have an identity element, nor be associative. Equivalently, one can state that quasigroups are precisely groupoids whose multiplication tables are Latin squares (possibly empty).

From p. 3 of Beaudry, Figure 1: Unbreakable loops of size 5 to 9. We say that a finite loop is unbreakable whenever it doesn't have proper subloops, that is, other than itself and the trivial one-element loop. While it is easy to see that the finite associative unbreakable loops are exactly the cyclic groups of prime order, it turns out that finite, nonassociative unbreakable loops are numerous and diverse. While the cyclic groups of prime order are the only unbreakable finite groups, we show that nonassociative unbreakable loops exist for every order n >= 5. We describe two families of commutative unbreakable loops of odd order, n >= 7, one where the loop's multiplication group is isomorphic to the alternating group A_n and another where the multiplication group is isomorphic to the symmetric group S_n. We also prove for each even n >= 6 that there exist unbreakable loops of order n whose multiplication group is isomorphic to S_n.