A086810 Triangle obtained by adding a leading diagonal 1,0,0,0,... to A033282.

1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 5, 5, 0, 1, 9, 21, 14, 0, 1, 14, 56, 84, 42, 0, 1, 20, 120, 300, 330, 132, 0, 1, 27, 225, 825, 1485, 1287, 429, 0, 1, 35, 385, 1925, 5005, 7007, 5005, 1430, 0, 1, 44, 616, 4004, 14014, 28028, 32032, 19448, 4862, 0, 1, 54, 936, 7644, 34398, 91728

Offset: 0

Author

Philippe Deléham, Aug 05 2003

Keywords

• easy
• nonn
• tabl

Comments

Mirror image of triangle A133336. - Philippe Deléham, Dec 10 2008

From Tom Copeland, Oct 09 2011: (Start)

With polynomials

P(0,t) = 0

P(1,t) = 1

P(2,t) = t

P(3,t) = t + 2 t^2

P(4,t) = t + 5 t^2 + 5 t^3

P(5,t) = t + 9 t^2 + 21 t^3 + 14 t^4

The o.g.f. A(x,t) = {1+x-sqrt[(1-x)^2-4xt]}/[2(1+t)] (see Drake et al.).

B(x,t)= x-t x^2/(1-x)= x-t(x^2+x^3+x^4+...) is the comp. inverse in x.

Let h(x,t) = 1/(dB/dx) = (1-x)^2/(1+(1+t)*x*(x-2)) = 1/(1-t(2x+3x^2+4x^3+...)), an o.g.f. in x for row polynomials in t of A181289. Then P(n,t) is given by (1/n!)(h(x,t)*d/dx)^n x, evaluated at x=0, A = exp(x*h(y,t)*d/dy) y, eval. at y=0, and dA/dx = h(A(x,t),t). These results are a special case of A133437 with u(x,t) = B(x,t), i.e., u_1=1 and (u_n)=-t for n > 1. See A001003 for t = 1. (End)

Let U(x,t) = [A(x,t)-x]/t, then U(x,0) = -dB(x,t)/dt and U satisfies dU/dt = UdU/dx, the inviscid Burgers' equation (Wikipedia), also called the Hopf equation (see Buchstaber et al.). Also U(x,t) = U(A(x,t),0) = U(x+tU,0) since U(x,0) = [x-B(x,t)]/t. - Tom Copeland, Mar 12 2012

Diagonals of A132081 are essentially rows of this sequence. - Tom Copeland, May 08 2012

T(r, s) is the number of [0,r]-covering hierarchies with s segments (see Kreweras). - Michel Marcus, Nov 22 2014

From Yu Hin Au, Dec 07 2019: (Start)

T(n,k) is the number of small Schröder n-paths (lattice paths from (0,0) to (2n,0) using steps U=(1,1), F=(2,0), D=(1,-1) with no F step on the x-axis) that has exactly k U steps.

T(n,k) is the number of Schröder trees (plane rooted tree where each internal node has at least two children) with exactly n+1 leaves and k internal nodes. (End)

Examples

			Triangle starts:
  1;
  0,  1;
  0,  1,  2;
  0,  1,  5,  5;
  0,  1,  9, 21, 14;
  ...
		

Links

• Michael De Vlieger, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..11475 (rows 0 <= n <= 150, flattened.)
• Yu Hin (Gary) Au, Some Properties and Combinatorial Implications of Weighted Small Schröder Numbers, arXiv:1912.00555 [math.CO], 2019.
• Paul Barry, On the Inverses of a Family of Pascal-Like Matrices Defined by Riordan Arrays, Journal of Integer Sequences, 16 (2013), #13.5.6.
• Paul Barry, Three Études on a sequence transformation pipeline, arXiv:1803.06408 [math.CO], 2018.
• Paul Barry, Generalized Catalan Numbers Associated with a Family of Pascal-like Triangles, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 22 (2019), Article 19.5.8.
• V. Buchstaber and E. Bunkova,Elliptic formal group laws, integral Hirzebruch genera and Kirchever genera,, arXiv:1010.0944 [math-ph], 2010 (see p. 19).
• V. Buchstaber and T. Panov, Toric Topology. Chapter 1: Geometry and Combinatorics of Polytopes,, arXiv:1102.1079 [math.CO], 2011-2012 (see p. 41).
• G. Chatel, V. Pilaud, Cambrian Hopf Algebras, arXiv:1411.3704 [math.CO], 2014-2015.
• T. Copeland, Generators, Inversion, and Matrix, Binomial, and Integral Transforms, 2015.
• T. Copeland, Compositional inverse pairs, the Burgers-Hopf equation, and the Stasheff associahedra, 2014.
• T. Copeland, Lagrange a la Lah, 2011.
• B. Drake, Ira M. Gessel, and Guoce Xin, Three Proofs and a Generalization of the Goulden-Litsyn-Shevelev Conjecture on a Sequence Arising in Algebraic Geometry, J. of Integer Sequences, Vol. 10 (2007), Article 07.3.7.
• G. Kreweras, Sur les hiérarchies de segments, Cahiers Bureau Universitaire Recherche Opérationnelle, Cahier 20, Inst. Statistiques, Univ. Paris, 1973, p. 21-22.
• G. Kreweras, Sur les hiérarchies de segments, Cahiers du Bureau Universitaire de Recherche Opérationnelle, Institut de Statistique, Université de Paris, #20 (1973). (Annotated scanned copy)
• J. Zhou, Quantum deformation theory of the Airy curve and the mirror symmetry of a point, arXiv preprint arXiv:1405.5296 [math.AG], 2014.

Crossrefs

Diagonals: A000007, A000012, A000096, A033275, A033276, A033277, A033278, A033279, A000108, A002054, A002055, A002056, A007160, A033280, A033281.

The diagonals (except for A000007) are also the diagonals of A033282.

Row sums: A001003 (Schroeder numbers).

Cf. A033282, A084938.

Cf. A001003, A008297, A021009, A132081, A133437, A181289.

Programs

Mathematica

Table[Boole[n == 2] + If[# == -1, 0, Binomial[n - 3, #] Binomial[n + # - 1, #]/(# + 1)] &[k - 1], {n, 2, 12}, {k, 0, n - 2}] // Flatten (* after Jean-François Alcover at A033282, or *)
Table[If[n == 0, 1, Binomial[n, k] Binomial[n + k, k - 1]/n], {n, 0, 10}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 22 2016 *)

PARI

t(n, k) = if (n==0, 1, binomial(n, k)*binomial(n+k, k-1)/n);
tabl(nn) = {for (n=0, nn, for (k=0, n, print1(t(n,k), ", ");); print(););} \\ Michel Marcus, Nov 22 2014

Formula

Triangle T(n, k) read by rows; given by [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, ...] DELTA [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...] where DELTA is Deléham's operator defined in A084938.

For k>0, T(n, k) = binomial(n-1, k-1)*binomial(n+k, k)/(n+1); T(0, 0) = 1 and T(n, 0) = 0 if n > 0. [corrected by Marko Riedel, May 04 2023]

Sum_{k>=0} T(n, k)*2^k = A107841(n). - Philippe Deléham, May 26 2005

Sum_{k>=0} T(n-k, k) = A005043(n). - Philippe Deléham, May 30 2005

T(n, k) = A108263(n+k, k). - Philippe Deléham, May 30 2005

Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*x^k = A000007(n), A001003(n), A107841(n), A131763(n), A131765(n), A131846(n), A131926(n), A131869(n), A131927(n) for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, respectively. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 05 2007

Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*5^k*(-2)^(n-k) = A152601(n). - Philippe Deléham, Dec 10 2008

Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*(-1)^k*3^(n-k) = A154825(n). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 17 2009

Umbrally, P(n,t) = Lah[n-1,-t*a.]/n! = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n-1} binomial(n-2,k-1)a_k t^k/k!, where (a.)^k = a_k = (n-1+k)!/(n-1)!, the rising factorial, and Lah(n,t) = n!*Laguerre(n,-1,t) are the Lah polynomials A008297 related to the Laguerre polynomials of order -1. - Tom Copeland, Oct 04 2014

T(n, k) = binomial(n, k)*binomial(n+k, k-1)/n, for k >= 0; T(0, 0) = 1 (see Kreweras, p. 21). - Michel Marcus, Nov 22 2014

P(n,t) = Lah[n-1,-:Dt:]/n! t^(n-1) with (:Dt:)^k = (d/dt)^k t^k = k! Laguerre(k,0,-:tD:) with (:tD:)^j = t^j D^j. The normalized Laguerre polynomials of 0 order are given in A021009. - Tom Copeland, Aug 22 2016

Extensions

Typo in a(60) corrected by Michael De Vlieger, Nov 21 2019