A130154 Triangle read by rows: T(n, k) = 1 + 2*(n-k)*(k-1) (1 <= k <= n).

1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 1, 7, 9, 7, 1, 1, 9, 13, 13, 9, 1, 1, 11, 17, 19, 17, 11, 1, 1, 13, 21, 25, 25, 21, 13, 1, 1, 15, 25, 31, 33, 31, 25, 15, 1, 1, 17, 29, 37, 41, 41, 37, 29, 17, 1, 1, 19, 33, 43, 49, 51, 49, 43, 33, 19, 1, 1, 21, 37, 49, 57, 61, 61, 57, 49, 37, 21, 1

Offset: 1

Author

Emeric Deutsch, May 22 2007

Keywords

• nonn
• tabl
• easy

Comments

Column k, except for the initial k-1 0's, is an arithmetic progression with first term 1 and common difference 2(k-1). Row sums yield A116731. First column of the inverse matrix is A129779.

Studied by Paul Curtz circa 1993.

From Rogério Serôdio, Dec 19 2017: (Start)

T(n, k) gives the number of distinct sums of 2(k-1) elements in {1,1,2,2,...,n-1,n-1}. For example, T(6, 2) = the number of distinct sums of 2 elements in {1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5}, and because each sum from the smallest 1 + 1 = 2 to the largest 5 + 5 = 10 appears, T(6, 2) = 10 - 1 = 9. [In general: 2*(Sum_{j=1..(k-1)} n-j) - (2*(Sum_{j=1..k-1} j) - 1) = 2*n*(k-1) - 4*(k-1)*k/2 + 1 = 2*(k-1)*(n-k) + 1 = T(n, k). - Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 20 2017]

T(n, k) is the number of lattice points with abscissa x = 2*(k-1) and even ordinate in the closed region bounded by the parabola y = x*(2*(n-1) - x) and the x axis. [That is, (1/2)*y(2*(k-1)) + 1 = T(n, k). - Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 20 2017]

Pascal's triangle (A007318, but with apex in the middle) is formed using the rule South = West + East; the rascal triangle A077028 uses the rule South = (West*East + 1)/North; the present triangle uses a similar rule: South = (West*East + 2)/North. See the formula section for this recurrence. (End)

Examples

			The triangle T(n, k) starts:
  n\k  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 ...
  1:   1
  2:   1  1
  3:   1  3  1
  4:   1  5  5  1
  5:   1  7  9  7  1
  6:   1  9 13 13  9  1
  7:   1 11 17 19 17 11  1
  8:   1 13 21 25 25 21 13  1
  9:   1 15 25 31 33 31 25 15  1
 10:   1 17 29 37 41 41 37 29 17  1
 ... reformatted. - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Dec 19 2017
		

Links

• G. C. Greubel, Rows n = 1..100 of triangle, flattened

Crossrefs

Cf. A116731, A129779. A007318, A077028.

Column sequences (no leading zeros): A000012, A016813, A016921, A017077, A017281, A017533, A131877, A158057, A161705, A215145.

Programs

GAP

Flat(List([1..12], n-> List([1..n], k-> 1 + 2*(n-k)*(k-1) ))); # G. C. Greubel, Nov 25 2019

Magma

[1 + 2*(n-k)*(k-1): k in [1..n], n in [1..12]]; // G. C. Greubel, Nov 25 2019

Maple

T:=proc(n,k) if k<=n then 2*(n-k)*(k-1)+1 else 0 fi end: for n from 1 to 14 do seq(T(n,k),k=1..n) od; # yields sequence in triangular form

Mathematica

Flatten[Table[1+2(n-k)(k-1),{n,0,20},{k,n}]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 13 2013 *)

PARI

T(n, k) = 1 + 2*(n-k)*(k-1) \\ Iain Fox, Dec 19 2017

PARI

first(n) = my(res = vector(binomial(n+1,2)), i = 1); for(r=1, n, for(k=1, r, res[i] = 1 + 2*(r-k)*(k-1); i++)); res \\ Iain Fox, Dec 19 2017

Sage

[[1 + 2*(n-k)*(k-1) for k in (1..n)] for n in (1..12)] # G. C. Greubel, Nov 25 2019

Formula

T(n, k) = 1 + 2*(n-k)*(k-1) (1 <= k <= n).

G.f.: G(t,z) = t*z*(3*t*z^2 - z - t*z + 1)/((1-t*z)*(1-z))^2.

Equals = 2 * A077028 - A000012 as infinite lower triangular matrices. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 23 2007

T(n, 1) = 1 and T(n, n) = 1 for n >= 1; T(n, k) = (T(n-1, k-1)*T(n-1, k) + 2)/T(n-2, k-1), for n > 2 and 1 < k < n. See a comment above. - Rogério Serôdio, Dec 19 2017

G.f. column k (with leading zeros): (x^k/(1-x)^2)*(1 + (2*k-3)*x), k >= 1. See the g.f. of the triangle G(t,z) above: (d/dt)^k G(t,x)/k!|{t=0}. - _Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 20 2017

Extensions

Edited by Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 19 2017