cp's OEIS Frontend

These coefficients are especially useful when integrating powers of cosine x (see examples).

Nonzero, even elements of the first column are given by A000984; T(2n,0) = binomial(2n,n).

For the rational triangles for even and odd powers of cos(x) see A273167/A273168 and A244420/A244421, respectively. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jun 13 2016

Mathematica needs no TrigReduce to integrate Cos[x]^k. See link. - Zak Seidov, Jun 13 2016

Triangle read by rows ( see example ). The numerator triangle is A274076.

Comments of A273506 give a definition of the fraction triangle, which determines an arbitrary-precision solution to the simple pendulum equations of motion. For more details see "Plane Pendulum and Beyond by Phase Space Geometry" (Klee, 2016).

Triangle read by rows ( see examples ). The denominators are given in A274078.

The rational triangle A273506 / A273507 gives the coefficients for an exact solution of the plane pendulum's phase space trajectory. Differential time dependence for this solution also adheres to the simple form of a triangular summation: dt = dQ(-1+ sum k^n * (T(n, m)/A274078(n, m)) * cos(Q)^(2(n+m)) ); where the sum runs over n = 1,2,3 ... and m = 1,2,3...n. Expanding powers of cosine ( Cf. A273496 ) it is relatively easy to integrate dt ( cf. A274130 ). One period of motion takes Q through the range [ 0 , -2 pi]. Integrating dt over this domain gives another (Cf. A273506) calculation of the series expansion for Elliptic K ( see examples and Mathematica function dtToEllK ). For more details read "Plane Pendulum and Beyond by Phase Space Geometry" (Klee, 2016).

Triangle read by rows (see example). Comments of A274076 give a definition of the fraction triangle, which determines to arbitrary precision the differential time dependence for the time-independent solution (cf. A273506, A273507) of the plane pendulum's equations of motion. For more details see "Plane Pendulum and Beyond by Phase Space Geometry" (Klee, 2016).

Irregular triangle read by rows ( see examples ). The row length sequence is 2*n = A005843(n), n >= 1.The denominators are given in A274131.

The triangles A274076 and A274078 give the coefficients for the exact, differential time dependence of the plane pendulum's equations of motion. Integrating, we obtain time dependence as a Fourier sine series: t = -( (2/pi)K(k) Q + sum k^n * (T(n,m)/A274131(n,m)) * sin(2 m Q) ); where the sum runs over n = 1,2,3 ... and m = 1,2,3,...,2 n. Combining the phase space trajectory and time dependence, it is possible to express Jacobian elliptic functions {cn,dn} in parametric form. For more details read "Plane Pendulum and Beyond by Phase Space Geometry" (Klee, 2016).

Irregular triangle read by rows (see example). The row length sequence is 2*n = A005843(n), n >= 1.

The numerator triangle is A274130.

Comments of A274130 give a definition of the fraction triangle, which determines to arbitrary precision the time dependence for the time-independent solution (cf. A273506, A273507) of the plane pendulum's equations of motion. For more details see "Plane Pendulum and Beyond by Phase Space Geometry" (Klee, 2016).

Irregular triangle read by rows (see examples). Consider an arbitrary anharmonic oscillator with Hamiltonian energy: H=(1/2)*b^2=(1/2)*(p^2+q^2) + Sum_{i=3} 2*v_i*q^i, and a stable minimum at (p,q)=(0,0). The phase space trajectory can be written in polar phase space coordinates as (q,p) = (R(x)cos(x),R(x)sin(x))=(R(Q)Q,R(Q)P). The present triangle determines a power / Fourier series of R(Q): R(Q) = b * (1 + sum b^n*T(n,m)*f(n,m) ); where the sum runs over n = 1,2,3 ... and m = 1,2,3...A000041(n). The basis functions f(n,m) are constructed from partitions of "n" listed in reverse lexicographic order. Partition n=(z_1+z_2+...z_j) becomes 2*Q^((z_1+2)+(z_2+2)+...(z_j+2))*v_{z_1+2}*v_{z_2+2}*...*v_{z_j+2} (see examples). This sequence transforms into A273506/A273507 by setting v_i=0 for odd i, v_i:=(-1)^(i/2-1)/2/(i!) otherwise, and (1/2)*b^2 = 2*k. For more details read "Plane Pendulum and Beyond by Phase Space Geometry" (Klee, 2016).

The phase space trajectory A276738 has phase space angular velocity A276814 and differential time dependence A276815. We calculate the period K = Int dt over the range [2*Pi, 0], trivial to compute from A276815 using A273496. Then K/(2*Pi) = 1 + sum b^(2n)*T(n,m)*f'(n,m); where the sum runs over n = 1, 2, 3 ... and m = 1, 2, 3, ... A000041(2n), and f'(n,m) = f(2n,m) of A276738 with Q=1/2. Choosing one point from the infinite dimensional coefficient space--v_i=0 for odd i, v_i=(-1)^(i/2-1)/2/(i!) otherwise--setting b^2 = 4*k, and summing over the entire table obtains the EllipticK expansion 2*A038534/A038533. For more details read "Plane Pendulum and Beyond by Phase Space Geometry" (Klee, 2016).

Irregular triangle read by rows (see examples).

Consider an axially symmetric oscillator in two dimensions with polar coordinates ( r, y ). By conservation of angular momentum, replace the cyclic angle coordinate y with dy/dt = 1/r^2. The system becomes one-dimensional in r, with an effective potential including the 1/r^2 term. Assume that the effective potential has a minimum around r0 and apply a linear transform r --> q = r-r0. Radial oscillations around the effective potential minimum follow the exact solution of A276738, A276814, A276815, A276816. Now dy = dx (dy/dt) / (dx/dt) = dx * Sum b^n*T(n,m)*F(n,m), with n=1,2,3.... and m=1,2,3...A000070(n). Basis functions F(n,m) are an ordered union over A276738's f(n,m): F(n,m')={ (1/r0^2)*(Q/r0)^n } & Append_{i=1..n}_{m=1..A000041(n)} (1/2/r0^2)*(Q/r0)^(n - i)*f(i,m), where each successive term f(i,m) is appended such that index m' inherets the ordering of each m index (see examples). Integrating dx over a range of 2 Pi loses all odd rows, as in A276815 / A276816. This sequence is a useful tool in classical and relativistic astronomy (follow links to Wolfram demonstrations).

If one takes the row polynomials as R(n, x) = Sum_{m=0..n} T(n, m)*x^(2*m+1), n >= 0, Jacobi's elliptic sn(u|k) function in terms of the new variables v and q becomes sn(u|k) = Sum_{n>=0} R(n, x)*q^n, if one replaces in R(n, x) x^j by sin(j*v).

v=v(u,k^2) and q=q(k^2) are computed with the help of A038534/A056982 for (2/Pi)*K and A002103 for q expanded in powers of (k/4)^2.

A test for sn(u|k) with u = 1, k = sqrt(1/2), that is v approximately 0.8472130848 and q approximately 0.04321389673, with rows n=0..10 (q powers not exceeding 10) gives 0.8030018002 to be compared with sn(1|sqrt(1/2)) approximately 0.8030018249.

For the derivation of the Fourier series formula of sn given in Abramowitz-Stegun (but there the notation sn(u|m=k^2) is used for sn(u|k)) see, e.g., Whittaker and Watson, p. 511 or Armitage and Eberlein, Exercises on p. 55.

For the cn expansion see A274661.

See also the W. Lang link, equations (34) and (35).