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A008299 Triangle T(n,k) of associated Stirling numbers of second kind, n >= 2, 1 <= k <= floor(n/2).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 10, 1, 25, 15, 1, 56, 105, 1, 119, 490, 105, 1, 246, 1918, 1260, 1, 501, 6825, 9450, 945, 1, 1012, 22935, 56980, 17325, 1, 2035, 74316, 302995, 190575, 10395, 1, 4082, 235092, 1487200, 1636635, 270270, 1, 8177, 731731, 6914908, 12122110
Offset: 2

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Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

T(n,k) is the number of set partitions of [n] into k blocks of size at least 2. Compare with A008277 (blocks of size at least 1) and A059022 (blocks of size at least 3). See also A200091. Reading the table by diagonals gives A134991. The row generating polynomials are the Mahler polynomials s_n(-x). See [Roman, 4.9]. - Peter Bala, Dec 04 2011
Row n gives coefficients of moments of Poisson distribution about the mean expressed as polynomials in lambda [Haight]. The coefficients of the moments about the origin are the Stirling numbers of the second kind, A008277. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 24 2020
Rows are of lengths 1,1,2,2,3,3,..., a pattern typical of matrices whose diagonals are rows of another lower triangular matrix--in this instance those of A134991. - Tom Copeland, May 01 2017
For a relation to decomposition of spin correlators see Table 2 of the Delfino and Vito paper. - Tom Copeland, Nov 11 2012

Examples

			There are 3 ways of partitioning a set N of cardinality 4 into 2 blocks each of cardinality at least 2, so T(4,2)=3.
Table begins:
  1;
  1;
  1,    3;
  1,   10;
  1,   25,     15;
  1,   56,    105;
  1,  119,    490,     105;
  1,  246,   1918,    1260;
  1,  501,   6825,    9450,      945;
  1, 1012,  22935,   56980,    17325;
  1, 2035,  74316,  302995,   190575,   10395;
  1, 4082, 235092, 1487200,  1636635,  270270;
  1, 8177, 731731, 6914908, 12122110, 4099095, 135135;
  ...
Reading the table by diagonals produces the triangle A134991.

References

  • L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 222.
  • Frank Avery Haight, "Handbook of the Poisson distribution," John Wiley, 1967. See pages 6,7, but beware of errors. [Haight on page 7 gives five different ways to generate these numbers (see link)].
  • J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 76.
  • S. Roman, The Umbral Calculus, Dover Publications, New York (2005), pp. 129-130.

Links

Crossrefs

Rows: A000247 (k=2), A000478 (k=3), A058844 (k=4).
Row sums: A000296, diagonal: A259877.
Cf. A059022, A059023, A059024, A059025, A134991, A137375, A200091, A269939, A340556.

Programs

  • Maple
    A008299 := proc(n,k) local i,j,t1; if k<1 or k>floor(n/2) then t1 := 0; else
t1 := add( (-1)^i*binomial(n, i)*add( (-1)^j*(k - i - j)^(n - i)/(j!*(k - i - j)!), j = 0..k - i), i = 0..k); fi; t1; end; # N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 06 2016
G:= exp(lambda*(exp(x)-1-x)):
S:= series(G,x,21):
seq(seq(coeff(coeff(S,x,n)*n!,lambda,k),k=1..floor(n/2)),n=2..20); # Robert Israel, Jan 15 2020
T := proc(n, k) option remember; if n < 0 then return 0 fi; if k = 0 then return k^n fi; k*T(n-1, k) + (n-1)*T(n-2, k-1) end:
seq(seq(T(n,k), k=1..n/2), n=2..9); # Peter Luschny, Feb 11 2021
  • Mathematica
    t[n_, k_] := Sum[ (-1)^i*Binomial[n, i]*Sum[ (-1)^j*(k - i - j)^(n - i)/(j!*(k - i - j)!), {j, 0, k - i}], {i, 0, k}]; Flatten[ Table[ t[n, k], {n, 2, 14}, {k, 1, Floor[n/2]}]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 13 2011, after David Wasserman *)
Table[Sum[Binomial[n, k - j] StirlingS2[n - k + j, j] (-1)^(j + k), {j, 0, k}], {n, 15}, {k, n/2}] // Flatten (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 13 2018 *)
  • PARI
    {T(n, k) = if( n < 1 || 2*k > n, n==0 && k==0, sum(i=0, k, (-1)^i * binomial( n, i) * sum(j=0, k-i, (-1)^j * (k-i-j)^(n-i) / (j! * (k-i-j)!))))}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 19 2014 */
  • PARI
    { T(n,k) = sum(i=0,min(n,k), (-1)^i * binomial(n,i) * stirling(n-i,k-i,2) ); } /* Max Alekseyev, Feb 27 2017 */

Formula

T(n,k) = abs(A137375(n,k)).
E.g.f. with additional constant 1: exp(t*(exp(x)-1-x)) = 1 + t*x^2/2! + t*x^3/3! + (t+3*t^2)*x^4/4! + ....
Recurrence relation: T(n+1,k) = k*T(n,k) + n*T(n-1,k-1).
T(n,k) = A134991(n-k,k); A134991(n,k) = T(n+k,k).
More generally, if S_r(n,k) gives the number of set partitions of [n] into k blocks of size at least r then we have the recurrence S_r(n+1,k) = k*S_r(n,k) + binomial(n,r-1)*S_r(n-r+1,k-1) (for this sequence, r=2), with associated e.g.f.: Sum_{n>=0, k>=0} S_r(n,k)*u^k*(t^n/n!) = exp(u*(e^t - Sum_{i=0..r-1} t^i/i!)).
T(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..k} (-1)^i*binomial(n, i)*Sum_{j=0..k-i} (-1)^j*(k-i-j)^(n-i)/(j!*(k-i-j)!). - David Wasserman, Jun 13 2007
G.f.: (R(0)-1)/(x^2*y), where R(k) = 1 - (k+1)*y*x^2/( (k+1)*y*x^2 - (1-k*x)*(1-x-k*x)/R(k+1) ); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Nov 09 2013
T(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..min(n,k)} (-1)^i * binomial(n,i) * Stirling2(n-i,k-i) = Sum_{i=0..min(n,k)} (-1)^i * A007318(n,i) * A008277(n-i,k-i). - Max Alekseyev, Feb 27 2017
T(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..n-k} binomial(j, n-2*k)*E2(n-k, n-k-j) where E2(n, k) are the second-order Eulerian numbers A340556. - Peter Luschny, Feb 11 2021

Extensions

Formula and cross-references from Barbara Haas Margolius (margolius(AT)math.csuohio.edu), Dec 14 2000
Edited by Peter Bala, Dec 04 2011
Edited by N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 24 2020

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