A083093 Triangle, read by rows, formed by reading Pascal's triangle (A007318) mod 3.

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1

Offset: 0

Author

Benoit Cloitre, Apr 22 2003

Keywords

• easy
• nonn
• tabl

Comments

Start with [1], repeatedly apply the map 0 -> [000/000/000], 1 -> [111/120/100], 2 -> [222/210/200]. - Philippe Deléham, Apr 16 2009

{T(n,k)} is a fractal gasket with fractal (Hausdorff) dimension log(A000217(3))/log(3) = log(6)/log(3) = 1.63092... (see Reiter reference). Replacing values greater than 1 with 1 produces a binary gasket with the same dimension (see Bondarenko reference). - Richard L. Ollerton, Dec 14 2021

Examples

			.            Rows 0 .. 3^3:
.    0:                             1
.    1:                            1 1
.    2:                           1 2 1
.    3:                          1 0 0 1
.    4:                         1 1 0 1 1
.    5:                        1 2 1 1 2 1
.    6:                       1 0 0 2 0 0 1
.    7:                      1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1
.    8:                     1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
.    9:                    1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
.   10:                   1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
.   11:                  1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1
.   12:                 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
.   13:                1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
.   14:               1 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 1
.   15:              1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1
.   16:             1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1
.   17:            1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
.   18:           1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
.   19:          1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
.   20:         1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1
.   21:        1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
.   22:       1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
.   23:      1 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 1
.   24:     1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1
.   25:    1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1
.   26:   1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
.   27:  1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .
- _Reinhard Zumkeller_, Jul 11 2013
		

References

• Boris A. Bondarenko, Generalized Pascal Triangles and Pyramids (in Russian), FAN, Tashkent, 1990, ISBN 5-648-00738-8.
• Michel Rigo, Formal Languages, Automata and Numeration Systems, 2 vols., Wiley, 2014. Mentions this sequence - see "List of Sequences" in Vol. 2.

Links

• Reinhard Zumkeller, Rows n = 0..120 of triangle, flattened
• J.-P. Allouche, F. von Haeseler, H.-O. Peitgen, and G. Skordev, Linear cellular automata, finite automata and Pascal's triangle, Disc. Appl. Math. 66 (1996) 1-22.
• Boris A. Bondarenko, Generalized Pascal Triangles and Pyramids, English translation published by Fibonacci Association, Santa Clara Univ., Santa Clara, CA, 1993; see pp. 130-132.
• Ilya Gutkovskiy, Illustrations (triangle formed by reading Pascal's triangle mod m)
• Lin Jiu and Christophe Vignat, On Binomial Identities in Arbitrary Bases, arXiv:1602.04149 [math.CO], 2016.
• Y. Moshe, The density of 0's in recurrence double sequences, J. Number Theory, 103 (2003), 109-121.
• Y. Moshe, The distribution of elements in automatic double sequences, Discr. Math., 297 (2005), 91-103.
• A. M. Reiter, Determining the dimension of fractals generated by Pascal's triangle, Fibonacci Quarterly, 31(2), 1993, pp. 112-120.
• Index entries for triangles and arrays related to Pascal's triangle

Crossrefs

Cf. A007318, A051638 (row sums), A090044, A047999, A034931, A034930, A008975, A034932, A062296, A006047.

Cf. A006996 (central terms), A173019, A206424, A227428.

Sequences based on the triangles formed by reading Pascal's triangle mod m: A047999 (m = 2), (this sequence) (m = 3), A034931 (m = 4), A095140 (m = 5), A095141 (m = 6), A095142 (m = 7), A034930(m = 8), A095143 (m = 9), A008975 (m = 10), A095144 (m = 11), A095145 (m = 12), A275198 (m = 14), A034932 (m = 16).

Programs

Haskell

a083093 n k = a083093_tabl !! n !! k
a083093_row n = a083093_tabl !! n
a083093_tabl = iterate
   (\ws -> zipWith (\u v -> mod (u + v) 3) ([0] ++ ws) (ws ++ [0])) [1]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 11 2013

Magma

/* As triangle: */ [[Binomial(n,k) mod 3: k in [0..n]]: n in [0.. 15]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 15 2016

Maple

A083093 := proc(n,k)
    modp(binomial(n,k),3) ;
end proc:
seq(seq(A083093(n,k),k=0..n),n=0..10) ; # R. J. Mathar, Jul 26 2017

Mathematica

Mod[ Flatten[ Table[ Binomial[n, k], {n, 0, 13}, {k, 0, n}]], 3] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jan 19 2004 *)

Python

from sympy import binomial
def T(n, k):
    return binomial(n, k) % 3
for n in range(21): print([T(n, k) for k in range(n + 1)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Jul 26 2017

Python

from math import comb, isqrt
def A083093(n):
    def f(m,k):
        if m<3 and k<3: return comb(m,k)%3
        c,a = divmod(m,3)
        d,b = divmod(k,3)
        return f(c,d)*f(a,b)%3
    return f(r:=(m:=isqrt(k:=n+1<<1))-(k<=m*(m+1)),n-comb(r+1,2)) # Chai Wah Wu, Apr 30 2025

Formula

T(i, j) = binomial(i, j) mod 3.

T(n+1,k) = (T(n,k) + T(n,k-1)) mod 3. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 11 2013

T(n,k) = Product_{i>=0} binomial(n_i,k_i) mod 3, where n = Sum_{i>=0} n_i*3^i and k = Sum_{i>=0} k_i*3^i, 0<=n_i, k_i <=2 [Allouche et al.]. - R. J. Mathar, Jul 26 2017