cp's OEIS Frontend

The sums of the first 10^k terms, for k = 1, 2, ..., are 11, 139, 1427, 14207, 141970, 1418563, 14183505, 141834204, 1418330298, 14183245181, ... . Apparently, the asymptotic mean of this sequence is limit_{m->oo} (1/m) * Sum_{k=1..m} a(k) = 1.4183... . - Amiram Eldar, Sep 10 2022

A permutation of the positive integers (but please note the starting offset: 0-indexed).

This sequence is a variant of A052330.

Shares with A064736, A302350, etc. the property that a(n) is either a divisor or a multiple of a(n+1). - Peter Munn, Apr 11 2018 on SeqFan-list. Note: A302781 is another such "divisor-or-multiple permutation" satisfying the same property. - Antti Karttunen, Apr 14 2018

The offset is 0 since S_0 = {1} denotes the first 2^0 = 1 terms. - Daniel Forgues, Apr 13 2018

This is "Fermi-Dirac piano played with Gray code", as indicated by Peter Munn's Apr 11 2018 formula. Compare also to A303771 and A302783. - Antti Karttunen, May 16 2018

Like in binary Gray code A003188, also in this permutation the binary expansions of a(n) and a(n+1) differ always by just a single bit-position, that is, A000120(A003987(a(n),a(n+1))) = 1 for all n >= 0. Here A003987 computes bitwise-XOR of its two arguments.

When composed with A052330 this gives A302781.

Note that the starting offset is 0, to align with A052330 and A207901.

Shares with A064736, A207901, A298480, A302350, A302783, A303771, etc. the property that a(n) is either a divisor or a multiple of a(n+1). Permutations satisfying such property are called "divisor-or-multiple permutations" in the OEIS, although Mazet & Saias call them "chain permutations" in their paper. [Edited by Antti Karttunen, Aug 26 2018]

One way to construct such permutations is by composing A052330 from the right with any such permutation like A003188 or A302846 where the binary expansions of a(n) and a(n+1) always differ by just a single bit-position.

Further permutations satisfying the same condition could be constructed from higher-dimensional versions (i.e., greater than 2) of Hilbert's space-filling curves, where the coordinates of each dimension would be Gray coded separately and then interleaved together. Permutation A207901 is essentially a one-dimensional variant of the same idea, while this is constructed from the 2-dimensional curve A163357, which is a Hamiltonian path on N X N grid.

See Peter Munn's A300012 for another idea for constructing such a permutation. - Antti Karttunen, Aug 26 2018

Like in binary Gray code A003188, also in this permutation the binary expansions of a(n) and a(n+1) differ always by just a single bit-position, that is, A000120(A003987(a(n),a(n+1))) = 1 for all n >= 0. Here A003987 computes bitwise-XOR of its two arguments. This is true for any composition P(A003188(n)), where P is a permutation that permutes the bit-positions of binary expansion of n in some way.

When composed with A052330 this gives a divisor-or-multiple permutation similar to A207901 and A302781.

Each a(n+1) is either a divisor or a multiple of a(n).

If a(n+1) > a(n), then A001222(a(n+1)) = 1 + A001222(a(n)).

From Antti Karttunen, May 23 2018: (Start)

For n >= 1, A006530(a(n)) = A000040(A070939(n)), thus the greatest prime dividing n, or equally, its index (A061395), is monotonic and follows the length of binary representation of n. This follows by induction on the size of the binary representation of n, and the fact that the "least possible unused divisor" part of a greedy rule can find all the unused divisors of A002110(k) before the next larger prime A000040(1+k) is needed as a factor.

For n >= 1, a((2^k)+1) = A000040(k+1), that is, after the first term with the next larger prime factor, which always occurs at 2^k, the next term is that prime itself, which is prime(k+1).

(A) For r in range 1 .. (2^(k-1)), a((2^k)+r) = A000040(k+1) * a(r-1), and prime A000040(k) is not present in the factorization. Because we cannot divide prime(k+1) out, as that would give a term already encountered, and because every term in this range has it as a largest prime factor, the relative magnitude-wise order of the terms in this range follows the relative magnitude-wise order of terms in a(0) .. a((2^(k-1))-1).

(B) For r in range (2^(k-1))+1 .. (2^k)-1, a((2^k)+r) = A000040(k+1) * a(r-1), and prime A000040(k) is present in the factorization.

Now it might be case that prime(k) > a product m of some subset of primes prime(k-1) .. prime(1). Even though the algorithm in those cases "would like" to divide by prime(k) instead of dividing by that product m, because then the divisor would be smaller, it cannot, because dividing by prime(k) (or by any other divisor containing it) would give an already used term.

(End)

Positive integers that survive sieving by the rule: if m appears then 2m, 3m and 6m do not.

Numbers whose squarefree part is congruent to 1 or 5 modulo 6.

Closed under multiplication.

Term by term, the sequence is one half of its complement within A007417, one third of its complement within A003159, and one sixth of its complement within A036668.

Asymptotic density is 1/2.

The set of all a(n) has maximal lower density (1/2) among sets S such that S, 2S, and 3S are disjoint.

Numbers which do not have 2 or 3 in their Fermi-Dirac factorization. Thus each term is a product of a unique subset of A050376 \ {2,3}.

It follows that the sequence is closed with respect to the commutative binary operation A059897(.,.), forming a subgroup of the positive integers considered as a group under A059897. It is the subgroup generated by A050376 \ {2,3}. A003159, A007417 and A036668 correspond to the nontrivial subgroups of its quotient group. It is the lexicographically earliest ordered transversal of the subgroup {1,2,3,6}, which in ordered form is the lexicographically earliest subgroup of order 4.

In "minimal subset/superset bitmask transform", applicable to any N -> N injection f, we start from a(0) = 0, after which for n > 0, if there are one or more k_i that are not already present in the sequence among terms a(0) .. a(n-1), and for which bitor(k_i,a(n-1)) = a(n-1), then a(n) = that k_i for which f(k_i) is minimized; otherwise, a(n) = that h_i for which f(h_i) is minimized among the infinite set of numbers h_i for which bitand(h_i,a(n-1)) = a(n-1) and that are not yet present in the sequence. In this case f(n) = A054429(n).

Shares with permutations like A003188, A006068, A163252, A300838, A302846, A303763, A303765, A303767, A303773 and A303775 the property that when moving from any a(n) to a(n+1) either a subset of 0-bits are toggled on (changed to 1's), or a subset of 1-bits are toggled off (changed to 0's), but no both kind of changes may occur at the same step. Note that A303767 is obtained when the same transform is applied to A001477, and A303775 when it is applied to A193231.

a(2^n-1) = A002110(n) for any n >= 0.

a(2^(n-1)) = A000961(n+1) for any n > 0.

A001221(a(n)) = A000120(n) for any n >= 0.

From Antti Karttunen, Jan 01 2019: (Start)

A034684(a(n)) = A000961(1+A001511(n)) for any n >= 1. (See also Rémy Sigrist's comment in A289271).

This sequence can be regarded also as an irregular triangle with rows of lengths 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ..., that is, it can be represented as a binary tree, where each left hand child contains A322991(k), and each right hand child contains A322992(k), when their parent contains k:

1

|

...................2...................

3 6

4......../ \........10 12......../ \........30

/ \ / \ / \ / \

/ \ / \ / \ / \

/ \ / \ / \ / \

5 14 15 42 20 70 60 210

7 18 21 66 28 90 84 330 35 126 105 462 140 630 420 2310

etc.

The leftmost edge is A000961, the next lefmost is A278568 (after 2: 6, 10, 14, 18, ...), the righmost edge is A002110, the next rightmost A088860 but with 3 instead of 4.

Compare also to trees like A005940 (A163511) and A052330.

(End)

See comments and additional formulas in A302024.