A006961 -id:A006961 - cp's OEIS frontend

A001190 Wedderburn-Etherington numbers: unlabeled binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree 0 or 2) with n endpoints (and 2n-1 nodes in all).

0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 23, 46, 98, 207, 451, 983, 2179, 4850, 10905, 24631, 56011, 127912, 293547, 676157, 1563372, 3626149, 8436379, 19680277, 46026618, 107890609, 253450711, 596572387, 1406818759, 3323236238, 7862958391, 18632325319, 44214569100, 105061603969

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Also number of n-node binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree <= 2) where root has degree 0 (only for n=1) or 1.
a(n+1) is the number of rooted trees with n nodes where the outdegree of every node is <= 2, see example. These trees are obtained by removing the root of the trees in the comment above. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 29 2014
Number of interpretations of x^n (or number of ways to insert parentheses) when multiplication is commutative but not associative. E.g., a(4) = 2: x(x*x^2) and x^2*x^2. a(5) = 3: (x*x^2)x^2, x(x*x*x^2) and x(x^2*x^2). [If multiplication is non-commutative then the answer is A000108(n-1). - Jianing Song, Apr 29 2022]
Number of ways to place n stars in a single bound stable hierarchical multiple star system; i.e., taking only the configurations from A003214 where all stars are included in single outer parentheses. - Piet Hut, Nov 07 2003
Number of colorations of Kn (complete graph of order n) with n-1 colors such that no triangle is three-colored. Two edge-colorations C1 and C2 of G are isomorphic iff exists an automorphism f (isomorphism between G an G) such that: f sends same-colored edges of C1 on same-colored edges of C2 and f^(-1) sends same-colored edges of C2 on same-colored edges of C1. - Abraham Gutiérrez, Nov 12 2012
For n>1, a(n) is the number of (not necessarily distinct) unordered pairs of free unlabeled trees having a total of n nodes. See the first entry in formula section. - Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 09 2014
Named after the English mathematician Ivor Etherington (1908-1994) and the Scottish mathematician Joseph Wedderburn (1882-1948). - Amiram Eldar, May 29 2021

			G.f. = x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 3*x^5 + 6*x^6 + 11*x^7 + 23*x^8 + 46*x^9 + 98*x^10 + ...
From _Joerg Arndt_, Jun 29 2014: (Start)
The a(6+1) = 11 rooted trees with 6 nodes as described in the comment are:
:           level sequence       outdegrees (dots for zeros)
:     1:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ]    [ 1 1 1 1 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o--o
:
:     2:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 4 ]    [ 1 1 1 2 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:           .--o
:
:     3:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 3 ]    [ 1 1 2 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:        .--o
:
:     4:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 2 ]    [ 1 2 1 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:     .--o
:
:     5:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 1 ]    [ 2 1 1 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:  .--o
:
:     6:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 2 ]    [ 1 2 2 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:     .--o
:
:     7:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 1 ]    [ 2 1 2 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:  .--o
:
:     8:  [ 0 1 2 3 2 3 ]    [ 1 2 1 . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:     .--o--o
:
:     9:  [ 0 1 2 3 2 1 ]    [ 2 2 1 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:
:    10:  [ 0 1 2 3 1 2 ]    [ 2 1 1 . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:  .--o--o
:
:    11:  [ 0 1 2 2 1 2 ]    [ 2 2 . . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o--o
:
(End)

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Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees
Index entries for sequences related to parenthesizing

Cf. A000108, A001699, A002658, A003214, A006894, A006961, A088325.
Cf. A086317, A086318, A240943.
Cf. A292553, A292554, A292555, A292556.
Column k=2 of A292085 and of A299038.
Column k=1 of A319539 and of A319541.

A001190 := proc(n) option remember; local s,k; if n<=1 then RETURN(n); elif n <=3 then RETURN(1); else s := 0; if n mod 2 = 0 then s := A001190(n/2)*(A001190(n/2)+1)/2; for k from 1 to n/2-1 do s := s+A001190(k)*A001190(n-k); od; RETURN(s); else for k from 1 to (n-1)/2 do s := s+A001190(k)*A001190(n-k); od; RETURN(s); fi; fi; end;
N := 40: G001190 := add(A001190(n)*x^n,n=0..N);
spec := [S,{S=Union(Z,Prod(Z,Set(S,card=2)))},unlabeled]: seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n), n=0..20);
# alternative Maple program:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(a(n/2)))+add(a(i)*a(n-i), i=1..n/2))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..40);  # Alois P. Heinz, Aug 28 2017

terms = 35; A[] = 0; Do[A[x] = x + (1/2)*(A[x]^2 + A[x^2]) + O[x]^terms // Normal, terms]; CoefficientList[A[x], x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 22 2011, updated Jan 10 2018 *)
a[n_?OddQ] := a[n] = Sum[a[k]*a[n-k], {k, 1, (n-1)/2}]; a[n_?EvenQ] := a[n] = Sum[a[k]*a[n-k], {k, 1, n/2-1}] + (1/2)*a[n/2]*(1+a[n/2]); a[0]=0; a[1]=1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 32}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 13 2012, after recurrence formula *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 0, 0, SeriesCoefficient[ Nest[ 1 - Sqrt[1 - 2 x - (# /. x -> x^2)] &, 0, BitLength @ n], {x, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Apr 25 2013 *)

{a(n) = local(A, m); if( n<0, 0, m=1; A = O(x); while( m<=n, m*=2; A = 1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x - subst(A, x, x^2))); polcoeff(A, n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003 */

{a(n) = local(A); if( n<4, n>0, A = vector(n, i, 1); for( i=4, n, A[i] = sum( j=1, (i-1)\2, A[j] * A[i-j]) + if( i%2, 0, A[i/2] * (A[i/2] + 1)/2)); A[n])}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 25 2006 */

from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A001190(n):
    if n <= 1: return n
    m = n//2 + n % 2
    return sum(A001190(i+1)*A001190(n-1-i) for i in range(m-1)) + (1 - n % 2)*A001190(m)*(A001190(m)+1)//2 # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 14 2022

G.f. satisfies A(x) = x + (1/2)*(A(x)^2 + A(x^2)) [de Bruijn and Klarner].
G.f. also satisfies A(x) = 1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x - A(x^2)). - Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003
a(2n-1) = a(1)a(2n-2) + a(2)a(2n-3) + ... + a(n-1)a(n), a(2n) = a(1)a(2n-1) + a(2)a(2n-2) + ... + a(n-1)a(n+1) + a(n)(a(n)+1)/2.
Given g.f. A(x), then B(x) = -1 + A(x) satisfies 0 = f(B(x), B(x^2), B(x^4)) where f(u, v, w) = (u^2 + v)^2 + 2*(v^2 + w). - Michael Somos, Oct 22 2006
The radius of convergence of the g.f. is A240943 = 1/A086317 ~ 0.4026975... - Jean-François Alcover, Jul 28 2014, after Steven R. Finch.
a(n) ~ A086318 * A086317^(n-1) / n^(3/2). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Apr 19 2016

A001372 Number of unlabeled mappings (or mapping patterns) from n points to themselves; number of unlabeled endofunctions.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 7, 19, 47, 130, 343, 951, 2615, 7318, 20491, 57903, 163898, 466199, 1328993, 3799624, 10884049, 31241170, 89814958, 258604642, 745568756, 2152118306, 6218869389, 17988233052, 52078309200, 150899223268, 437571896993, 1269755237948, 3687025544605, 10712682919341, 31143566495273, 90587953109272, 263627037547365

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

			The a(3) = 7 mappings are:
1->1, 2->2, 3->3
1->1, 2->2, 3->1 (equiv. to 1->1, 2->2, 3->2, or 1->1, 2->1, 3->3, etc.)
1->1, 2->3, 3->2
1->1, 2->1, 3->2
1->1, 2->1, 3->1
1->2, 2->3, 3->1
1->2, 2->1, 3->1

F. Bergeron, G. Labelle, and P. Leroux, Combinatorial Species and Tree-Like Structures, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 41, 209.
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, Section 5.6.6.
R. A. Fisher, Contributions to Mathematical Statistics, Wiley, 1950, 41.401.
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 70, Table 3.4.1.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000 (first 501 terms from Christian G. Bower)
A. L. Agore, A. Chirvasitu, and G. Militaru, The set-theoretic Yang-Baxter equation, Kimura semigroups and functional graphs, arXiv:2303.06700 [math.QA], 2023.
N. G. de Bruijn, Enumeration of mapping patterns, J. Combin. Theory, 12 (1972), 14-20.
N. G. de Bruijn and D. A. Klarner, Multisets of aperiodic cycles, SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods 3 (1982), no. 3, 359--368. MR0666861(84i:05008).
Robert L. Davis, The number of structures of finite relations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 (1953), 486-495.
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Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 480
Alexander Heaton, Songpon Sriwongsa, and Jeb F. Willenbring, Branching from the General Linear Group to the Symmetric Group and the Principal Embedding, Algebraic Combinatorics, vol. 4, issue 2 (2021), p. 189-200.
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Ronald C. Read, Note on number of functional digraphs, Math. Ann., vol. 143 (1961), pp. 109-111.
Marko Riedel, stackexchange.com, Enumeration of functions by Simultaneous Power Group Enumeration (SPGE)
Marko Riedel, Maple code for sequence using SPGE
Sara Riva, Factorisation of Discrete Dynamical Systems, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Côte d'Azur (France 2023).
N. J. A. Sloane, Illustration of initial terms
N. J. A. Sloane, Transforms
P. R. Stein, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 02 1971

Cf. A000312, A002861, A006961, A001373, A054050, A054745.

with(combstruct): M[ 2671 ] := [ F,{F=Set(K), K=Cycle(T), T=Prod(Z,Set(T))},unlabeled ]:
a:=seq(count(M[2671],size=n),n=0..27); # added by W. Edwin Clark, Nov 23 2010

Needs["Combinatorica`"];
nn=30;s[n_,k_]:=s[n,k]=a[n+1-k]+If[n<2 k,0,s[n-k,k]];a[1]=1;a[n_]:=a[n]=Sum[a[i] s[n-1,i] i,{i,1,n-1}]/(n-1);rt=Table[a[i],{i,1,nn}];c=Drop[Apply[Plus,Table[Take[CoefficientList[CycleIndex[CyclicGroup[n],s]/.Table[s[j]->Table[Sum[rt[[i]] x^(k*i),{i,1,nn}],{k,1,nn}][[j]],{j,1,nn}],x],nn],{n,1,30}]],1];CoefficientList[Series[Product[1/(1-x^i)^c[[i]],{i,1,nn-1}],{x,0,nn}],x]  (* after code given by Robert A. Russell in A000081 *) (* Geoffrey Critzer, Oct 12 2012 *)
max = 40; A[n_] := A[n] = If[n <= 1, n, Sum[DivisorSum[j, #*A[#]&]*A[n-j], {j, 1, n-1}]/(n-1)]; H[t_] := Sum[A[n]*t^n, {n, 0, max}]; F = 1 / Product[1 - H[x^n], {n, 1, max}] + O[x]^max; CoefficientList[F, x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 01 2015, after Joerg Arndt *)

N=66;  A=vector(N+1, j, 1);
for (n=1, N, A[n+1] = 1/n * sum(k=1, n, sumdiv(k, d, d * A[d]) * A[n-k+1] ) );
A000081=concat([0], A);
H(t)=subst(Ser(A000081, 't), 't, t);
x='x+O('x^N);
F=1/prod(n=1,N, 1 - H(x^n));
Vec(F)
\\ Joerg Arndt, Jul 10 2014

Euler transform of A002861.

a(n) ~ c * d^n / sqrt(n), where d = A051491 = 2.9557652856519949747148... (Otter's rooted tree constant), c = 0.442876769782206479836... (for a closed form see "Mathematical Constants", p.308). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Mar 17 2015

More terms etc. from Paul Zimmermann, Mar 15 1996

Name edited by Keith J. Bauer, Jan 07 2024

A048888 a(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} T(m,n+1-m), array T as in A048887.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, 23, 42, 76, 139, 255, 471, 873, 1627, 3044, 5718, 10779, 20387, 38673, 73561, 140267, 268065, 513349, 984910, 1892874, 3643569, 7023561, 13557019, 26200181, 50691977, 98182665, 190353369, 369393465, 717457655

Offset: 0

Clark Kimberling

nonn

From Marc LeBrun, Dec 12 2001: (Start)
Define a "numbral arithmetic" by replacing addition with binary bitwise inclusive-OR (so that [3] + [5] = [7] etc.) and multiplication becomes shift-&-OR instead of shift-&-add (so that [3] * [3] = [7] etc.). [d] divides [n] means there exists an [e] with [d] * [e] = [n]. For example the six divisors of [14] are [1], [2], [3], [6], [7] and [14]. Then it appears that this sequence gives the number of proper divisors of [2^n-1]. Conjecture confirmed by Richard C. Schroeppel, Dec 14 2001. (End)
The number of "prime endofunctions" on n points, meaning the cardinality of the subset of the A001372(n) mappings (or mapping patterns) up to isomorphism from n (unlabeled) points to themselves (endofunctions) which are neither the sum of prime endofunctions (i.e., whose disjoint connected components are prime endofunctions) nor the categorical product of prime endofunctions. The n for which a(n) is prime (n such that the number of prime endofunctions on n points is itself prime) are 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 19, ... - Jonathan Vos Post, Nov 19 2006
For n>=1, compositions p(1)+p(2)+...+p(m)=n such that p(k)<=p(1)+1, see example. - Joerg Arndt, Dec 28 2012

			From _Joerg Arndt_, Dec 28 2012: (Start)
There are a(6)=23 compositions p(1)+p(2)+...+p(m)=6 such that p(k)<=p(1)+1:
[ 1]  [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
[ 2]  [ 1 1 1 1 2 ]
[ 3]  [ 1 1 1 2 1 ]
[ 4]  [ 1 1 2 1 1 ]
[ 5]  [ 1 1 2 2 ]
[ 6]  [ 1 2 1 1 1 ]
[ 7]  [ 1 2 1 2 ]
[ 8]  [ 1 2 2 1 ]
[ 9]  [ 2 1 1 1 1 ]
[10]  [ 2 1 1 2 ]
[11]  [ 2 1 2 1 ]
[12]  [ 2 1 3 ]
[13]  [ 2 2 1 1 ]
[14]  [ 2 2 2 ]
[15]  [ 2 3 1 ]
[16]  [ 3 1 1 1 ]
[17]  [ 3 1 2 ]
[18]  [ 3 2 1 ]
[19]  [ 3 3 ]
[20]  [ 4 1 1 ]
[21]  [ 4 2 ]
[22]  [ 5 1 ]
[23]  [ 6 ]
(End)

D. Applegate, M. LeBrun, N. J. A. Sloane, Dismal Arithmetic, J. Int. Seq. 14 (2011) # 11.9.8.
A. Frosini and S. Rinaldi, On the Sequence A079500 and Its Combinatorial Interpretations, J. Integer Seq., Vol. 9 (2006), Article 06.3.1.

Cf. A007059.

Cf. A000312, A001372, A002861, A006961, A001373, A054050, A054745, A125024.

N = 66;  x = 'x + O('x^N);
gf = sum(n=0,N,  (1-x^n)*x^n/(1-2*x+x^(n+1)) ) + 'c0;
v = Vec(gf);  v[1]-='c0;  v
/* Joerg Arndt, Apr 14 2013 */

G.f.: Sum_{k>0} x^k*(1-x^k)/(1-2*x+x^(k+1)). - Vladeta Jovovic, Feb 25 2003

a(m) = Sum_{ n=2..m+1 } Fn(m) where Fn is a Fibonacci n-step number (Fibonacci, tetranacci, etc.) indexed as in A000045, A000073, A000078. - Gerald McGarvey, Sep 25 2004

Number of prime divisors (counted with multiplicity) of A001372 Number of mappings (or mapping patterns) from n points to themselves; number of endofunctions. {n: a(n) = 1} give the primes, beginning: A001372(2) = 3, A001372(3) = 7, A001372(4) = 19, A001372(2) = 47. {n: a(n) = 2} give the semiprimes, beginning: A001372(8) = 951 = 3 * 317, A001372(9) = 2615 = 5 * 523, A001372(10) = 7318 = 2 * 3659, A001372(11) = 20491 = 31 * 661, A001372(12) = 57903 = 3 * 19301, A001372(14) = 466199 = 107 * 4357, A001372(23) = 6218869389 = 3 * 2072956463. 3-almost primes begin: A001372(6) = 130 = 2 * 5 * 13, A001372(7) = 343 = 7^3, A001372(15) = 1328993 = 19 * 113 * 619, A001372(17) = 10884049 = 11 * 353 * 2803, A001372(18) = 31241170 = 2 * 5 * 3124117, A001372(19) = 89814958 = 2 * 5113 * 8783, A001372(20) = 258604642 = 2 * 101 * 1280221, A001372(22) = 2152118306 = 2 * 13 * 82773781, A001372(27) = 437571896993.

cp's OEIS Frontend

A001190 Wedderburn-Etherington numbers: unlabeled binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree 0 or 2) with n endpoints (and 2n-1 nodes in all).

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A001372 Number of unlabeled mappings (or mapping patterns) from n points to themselves; number of unlabeled endofunctions.

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A048888 a(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} T(m,n+1-m), array T as in A048887.

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A124933 Number of prime divisors (counted with multiplicity) of number of endofunctions on n points (A001372).

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