A033304 Expansion of (2 + 2*x - 3*x^2) / (1 - 2*x - x^2 + x^3).

2, 6, 11, 26, 57, 129, 289, 650, 1460, 3281, 7372, 16565, 37221, 83635, 187926, 422266, 948823, 2131986, 4790529, 10764221, 24186985, 54347662, 122118088, 274396853, 616564132, 1385407029, 3112981337, 6994805571, 15717185450

Offset: 0

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

• nonn
• easy

Comments

From L. Edson Jeffery, Mar 22 2011: (Start)

Let A be the unit-primitive matrix (see [Jeffery])

A=A_(7,2)=

(0 0 1)

(0 1 1)

(1 1 1).

Let B={b(n)} be this sequence shifted to the right one place and setting b(0)=3. Then B=(3,2,6,11,26,...) with generating function (3-4*x-x^2)/(1-2*x-x^2+x^3) and b(n)=Trace(A^n). (End)

The following identity hold true (a(n)^2 - a(2n+2))/2 = A094648(n+1) = (-1)^(n+1)*A096975(n+1) - for the proof see Witula et al.'s papers - Roman Witula, Jul 25 2012

We note that the joined sequences (-1)^(n+1)*a(n) and A094648(n) form a two-sided sequence defined either by the recurrence formula x(n+3) + x(n+2) - 2x(n+1) - x(n) = 0, n in Z, x(0)=3, x(-1)=-2, x(1)=-1, or by the following trigonometric identities: x(n) = (c(1))^n + (c(2))^n + (c(4))^n = (c(1)c(2))^(-n) + (c(1)c(4))^(-n) + (c(2)c(4))^(-n) = (s(2)/s(1))^n + (s(4)/s(2))^n + (s(1)/s(4))^n, for n in Z, where c(j) := 2*cos(2Pi*j/7) and s(j) := sin(2*Pi*j/7) - for the proof see Witula's and Witula et al.'s papers. - Roman Witula, Jul 25 2012

We have 4*a(n+2) - a(n) = 7*A077998(n+2). - Roman Witula, Aug 13 2012

Two very intriguing identities of trigonometric nature hold: (-1)^n*(a(n)-a(n-1)) = c(1)*c(2)^(-n) + c(2)*c(4)^(-n) + c(4)*c(1)^(-n), and (-1)^(n+1)*(a(n-1)-a(n+1)) = c(1)*c(4)^(-n-1) + c(2)*c(1)^(-n-1) + c(4)*c(2)^(-n-1), where a(-1):=3 and c(j) is defined as above. For the proof see Remark 6 in the first Witula's paper. - Roman Witula, Aug 14 2012

With respect to the form of the trigonometric formulas describing a(n), we call this sequence the Berndt-type sequence number 20 for the argument 2Pi/7. The A-numbers of other Berndt-type sequences numbers are given in below. - Roman Witula, Sep 30 2012

References

• R. P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics I, p. 244, Eq. (36).

Links

• G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
• Mark W. Coffey, James L. Hindmarsh, Matthew C. Lettington, John Pryce, On Higher Dimensional Interlacing Fibonacci Sequences, Continued Fractions and Chebyshev Polynomials, arXiv:1502.03085 [math.NT], 2015 (see p. 40).
• L. E. Jeffery, Unit-primitive matrices
• Roman Witula, Ramanujan Type Trigonometric Formulas: The General Form for the Argument 2Pi/7, J. Integer Seq., 12 (2009), Article 09.8.5.
• Roman Witula and Damian Slota, New Ramanujan-Type Formulas and Quasi-Fibonacci Numbers of Order 7, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 10 (2007), Article 07.5.6
• Roman Witula, Damian Slota and Adam Warzynski, Quasi-Fibonacci Numbers of the Seventh Order, J. Integer Seq., 9 (2006), Article 06.4.3.
• Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (2,1,-1).

Crossrefs

Cf. A066170, A006356, A096975.

Cf. A215007, A215008, A215143, A215493, A215494, A215510, A215512, A215575, A215694, A215695, A108716, A215794, A215828, A215817, A215877, A094429, A094430, A217274, A094648.

Programs

Magma

I:=[2,6,11]; [n le 3 select I[n] else 2*Self(n-1) +Self(n-2) - Self(n-3): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Apr 19 2018

Mathematica

CoefficientList[Series[(2+2x-3x^2)/(1-2x-x^2+x^3),{x,0,50}], x]  (* Harvey P. Dale, Mar 14 2011 *)
LinearRecurrence[{2, 1, -1}, {2, 6, 11}, 29] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 27 2017 *)

PARI

{a(n)=if(n<0, n=-n; polsym(x^3-x^2-2*x+1,n-1)[n], n+=2; polsym(1-x-2*x^2+x^3,n-1)[n])} /* Michael Somos, Aug 03 2006 */

PARI

x='x+O('x^99); Vec((2+2*x-3*x^2)/(1-2*x-x^2+x^3)) \\ Altug Alkan, Apr 19 2018

Formula

a(-1-n) = A096975(n).

a(n) = (1-2*cos(1/7*Pi))^(n+1)+(1+2*cos(2/7*Pi))^(n+1)+(1-2*cos(3/7*Pi))^(n+1). - Vladeta Jovovic, Jun 27 2001

a(n) = trace of (n+1)-th power of the 3 X 3 matrix (in the example of A066170): [1 1 1 / 1 1 0 / 1 0 0]. Alternatively, the sum of the (n+1)st powers of the roots of the corresponding characteristic polynomial: x^3 - 2*x^2 - x + 1 = 0. a(n) = A006356(n) + A006356(n-1) + 2*A006356(n-2). E.g., a(3) = 26 = the trace of M^4. The characteristic polynomial of this matrix (see A066170) is x^3 - 2*x^2 - x + 1 and the roots are 2.24697960372..., -0.8019377358... and 0.55495813208... = a, b, c. Then Sum(a^4 + b^4 + c^4) = 26. - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 01 2004

(-1)^(n+1)*a(n) = (c(1))^(-n-1) + (c(2))^(-n-1) + (c(3))^(-n-1) = (c(1)c(2))^(n+1) + (c(1)c(4))^(n+1) + (c(2)c(4))^(n+1) = (s(1)/s(2))^(n+1) + (s(2)/s(4))^(n+1) + (s(4)/s(1))^(n+1), where c(j) := 2*cos(2*Pi*j/7) and s(j) := sin(2*Pi*j/7) - for the proof see Witula's and Witula et al.'s papers. - Roman Witula, Jul 25 2012

a(n) = 3*A077998(n+1) - A006054(n+2) - A006054(n+1). - Roman Witula, Aug 13 2012

a(n)*(-1)^(n+1) = (A094648(n+1)^2 - A094648(2*(n+1)))/2. - Roman Witula, Sep 30 2012