A080677 -id:A080677 - cp's OEIS frontend

A004001 Hofstadter-Conway $10000 sequence: a(n) = a(a(n-1)) + a(n-a(n-1)) with a(1) = a(2) = 1.

1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21, 22, 23, 24, 24, 25, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 28, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

On Jul 15 1988 during a colloquium talk at Bell Labs, John Conway stated that he could prove that a(n)/n -> 1/2 as n approached infinity, but that the proof was extremely difficult. He therefore offered $100 to someone who could find an n_0 such that for all n >= n_0, we have |a(n)/n - 1/2| < 0.05, and he offered $10,000 for the least such n_0. I took notes (a scan of my notebook pages appears below), plus the talk - like all Bell Labs Colloquia at that time - was recorded on video. John said afterwards that he meant to say $1000, but in fact he said $10,000. I was in the front row. The prize was claimed by Colin Mallows, who agreed not to cash the check. - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 21 2015
a(n) - a(n-1) = 0 or 1 (see the D. Newman reference). - Emeric Deutsch, Jun 06 2005
a(A188163(n)) = n and a(m) < n for m < A188163(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 03 2011
From Daniel Forgues, Oct 04 2019: (Start)
Conjectures:
  a(n) = n/2 iff n = 2^k, k >= 1.
  a(n) = 2^(k-1): k times, for n = 2^k - (k-1) to 2^k, k >= 1. (End)

			If n=4, 2^4=16, a(16-i) = 2^(4-1) = 8 for 0 <= i <= 4-1 = 3, hence a(16)=a(15)=a(14)=a(13)=8.

J. Arkin, D. C. Arney, L. S. Dewald and W. E. Ebel, Jr., Families of recursive sequences, J. Rec. Math., 22 (No. 22, 1990), 85-94.
B. W. Conolly, Meta-Fibonacci sequences, in S. Vajda, editor, "Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers and the Golden Section", Halstead Press, NY, 1989, pp. 127-138.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems Number Theory, Sect. E31.
D. R. Hofstadter, personal communication.
C. A. Pickover, Wonders of Numbers, "Cards, Frogs and Fractal sequences", Chapter 96, pp. 217-221, Oxford Univ. Press, NY, 2000.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
S. Vajda, Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers and the Golden Section, Wiley, 1989, see p. 129.
S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 129.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Altug Alkan, On a Generalization of Hofstadter's Q-Sequence: A Family of Chaotic Generational Structures, Complexity (2018) Article ID 8517125.
Altug Alkan and O. Ozgur Aybar, On Families of Solutions for Meta-Fibonacci Recursions Related to Hofstadter-Conway $10000 Sequence, Slides of talk at presented in 5th International Interdisciplinary Chaos Symposium on Chaos and Complex Systems, May 9-12, 2019.
Altug Alkan, Nathan Fox, and Orhan Ozgur Aybar, On Hofstadter Heart Sequences, Complexity, Volume 2017, Article ID 2614163, 8 pages.
B. Balamohan, A. Kuznetsov and S. Tanny, On the behavior of a variant of Hofstadter's Q-sequence, J. Integer Sequences, Vol. 10 (2007), #07.7.1.
F. Michel Dekking, Morphisms, Symbolic Sequences, and Their Standard Forms, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19 (2016), Article 16.1.1.
Nathaniel D. Emerson, A Family of Meta-Fibonacci Sequences Defined by Variable-Order Recursions, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 9 (2006), Article 06.1.8.
Christopher S. Flippen, Minimal Sets, Union-Closed Families, and Frankl's Conjecture, Master's thesis, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., 2023.
Nathan Fox, Linear-Recurrent Solutions to Meta-Fibonacci Recurrences, Part 1 (video), Rutgers Experimental Math Seminar, Oct 01 2015. Part 2 is vimeo.com/141111991.
Nathan Fox, A Slow Relative of Hofstadter's Q-Sequence, arXiv:1611.08244 [math.NT], 2016.
S. W. Golomb, Discrete chaos: sequences satisfying "strange" recursions, unpublished manuscript, circa 1990 [cached copy, with permission (annotated)]
J. Grytczuk, Another variation on Conway's recursive sequence, Discr. Math. 282 (2004), 149-161.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 25 1986.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane with attachment, 1988
R. K. Guy and N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1988.
Nick Hobson, Python program for this sequence
D. R. Hofstadter, Plot of 100000 terms of a(n)-n/2
D. R. Hofstadter, Analogies and Sequences: Intertwined Patterns of Integers and Patterns of Thought Processes, Lecture in DIMACS Conference on Challenges of Identifying Integer Sequences, Rutgers University, Oct 10 2014; Part 1, Part 2.
A. Isgur, R. Lech, S. Moore, S. Tanny, Y. Verberne, and Y. Zhang, Constructing New Families of Nested Recursions with Slow Solutions, SIAM J. Discrete Math., 30(2), 2016, 1128-1147. (20 pages); DOI:10.1137/15M1040505.
D. Kleitman, Solution to Problem E3274, Amer. Math. Monthly, 98 (1991), 958-959.
T. Kubo and R. Vakil, On Conway's recursive sequence, Discr. Math. 152 (1996), 225-252.
C. L. Mallows, Conway's challenge sequence, Amer. Math. Monthly, 98 (1991), 5-20.
D. Newman, Problem E3274, Amer. Math. Monthly, 95 (1988), 555.
John A. Pelesko, Generalizing the Conway-Hofstadter $10,000 Sequence, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 7 (2004), Article 04.3.5.
K. Pinn, A chaotic cousin of Conway's recursive sequence, Experimental Mathematics, 9:1 (2000), 55-65.
N. J. A. Sloane, Scan of notebook pages with notes on John Conway's Colloquium talk on Jul 15 1988 [See Comments above]
N. J. A. Sloane, My favorite integer sequences, in Sequences and their Applications (Proceedings of SETA '98).
I. Vardi, Email to N. J. A. Sloane, Jun. 1991
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hofstadter-Conway 10000-Dollar Sequence.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Newman-Conway Sequence
Wikipedia, Hofstadter sequence
Index entries for sequences related to binary expansion of n
Index entries for Hofstadter-type sequences

Cf. A005229, A005185, A080677, A088359, A087686, A093879 (first differences), A265332, A266341, A055748 (a chaotic cousin), A188163 (greedy inverse).
Cf. A004074 (A249071), A005350, A005707, A093878. Different from A086841. Run lengths give A051135.
Cf. also permutations A267111-A267112 and arrays A265901, A265903.

a004001 n = a004001_list !! (n-1)
a004001_list = 1 : 1 : h 3 1  {- memoization -}
  where h n x = x' : h (n + 1) x'
          where x' = a004001 x + a004001 (n - x)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 03 2011

[n le 2 select 1 else Self(Self(n-1))+ Self(n-Self(n-1)):n in [1..75]]; // Marius A. Burtea, Aug 16 2019

A004001 := proc(n) option remember; if n<=2 then 1 else procname(procname(n-1)) +procname(n-procname(n-1)); fi; end;

a[1] = 1; a[2] = 1; a[n_] := a[n] = a[a[n - 1]] + a[n - a[n - 1]]; Table[ a[n], {n, 1, 75}] (* Robert G. Wilson v *)

a=vector(100);a[1]=a[2]=1;for(n=3,#a,a[n]=a[a[n-1]]+a[n-a[n-1]]);a \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011

first(n)=my(v=vector(n)); v[1]=v[2]=1; for(k=3, n, v[k]=v[v[k-1]]+v[k-v[k-1]]); v \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 26 2017

def a004001(n):
    A = {1: 1, 2: 1}
    c = 1 #counter
    while n not in A.keys():
        if c not in A.keys():
            A[c] = A[A[c-1]] + A[c-A[c-1]]
        c += 1
    return A[n]
# Edward Minnix III, Nov 02 2015

@CachedFunction
def a(n): # a = A004001
    if n<3: return 1
    else: return a(a(n-1)) + a(n-a(n-1))
[a(n) for n in range(1,101)] # G. C. Greubel, Apr 25 2024

;; An implementation of memoization-macro definec can be found for example from: http://oeis.org/wiki/Memoization
(definec (A004001 n) (if (<= n 2) 1 (+ (A004001 (A004001 (- n 1))) (A004001 (- n (A004001 (- n 1)))))))
;; Antti Karttunen, Oct 22 2014

Limit_{n->infinity} a(n)/n = 1/2 and as special cases, if n > 0, a(2^n-i) = 2^(n-1) for 0 <= i < = n-1; a(2^n+1) = 2^(n-1) + 1. - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 04 2002 [Corrected by Altug Alkan, Apr 03 2017]

A087686 Elements of A004001 that repeat consecutively.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 38, 42, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71, 76, 80, 83, 85, 86, 90, 93, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127

Offset: 1

Roger L. Bagula, Sep 27 2003

nonn

Complement of A088359; A051135(a(n)) > 1. [Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 03 2011]
From Antti Karttunen, Jan 18 2016: (Start)
This set of numbers is closed with respect to A004001, see A266188.
After 1, one more than the positions of zeros in A093879.
(End)

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000

Cf. A004001, A051135, A093879.
Cf. A088359 (complement), A188163 (almost complement).
Cf. A080677 (the least monotonic left inverse).
Cf. also A266188, A265901, A265903, A267110, A267111, A267112.

import Data.List (findIndices)
a087686 n = a087686_list !! (n-1)
a087686_list = map succ $ findIndices (> 1) a051135_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 03 2011
(Scheme, with Antti Karttunen's IntSeq-library)
(define A087686 (MATCHING-POS 1 1 (lambda (n) (> (A051135 n) 1))))
;; Antti Karttunen, Jan 18 2016

Conway[n_Integer?Positive] := Conway[n] =Conway[Conway[n-1]] + Conway[n - Conway[n-1]] Conway[1] = Conway[2] = 1 digits=1000 a=Table[Conway[n], {n, 1, digits}]; b=Table[If[a[[n]]-a[[n-1]]==0, a[[n]], 0], {n, 2, digits}]; c=Delete[Union[b], 1]

Other identities. For all n >= 1:

A080677(a(n)) = n. [See comments in A080677.]

A267111 Permutation of natural numbers: a(1) = 1, a(A087686(n)) = 2a(n-1), a(A088359(n)) = 1+2a(n), where A088359 and A087686 = numbers that occur only once (resp. more than once) in A004001, the Hofstadter-Conway $10000 sequence.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 10, 13, 14, 12, 16, 17, 19, 23, 31, 18, 21, 27, 22, 29, 30, 20, 25, 26, 28, 24, 32, 33, 35, 39, 47, 63, 34, 37, 43, 55, 38, 45, 59, 46, 61, 62, 36, 41, 51, 42, 53, 54, 44, 57, 58, 60, 40, 49, 50, 52, 56, 48, 64, 65, 67, 71, 79, 95, 127, 66, 69, 75, 87, 111, 70, 77, 91, 119, 78, 93, 123

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Jan 10 2016

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..8192
Antti Karttunen, Entanglement Permutations, 2016-2017
T. Kubo and R. Vakil, On Conway's recursive sequence, Discr. Math. 152 (1996), 225-252.
Index entries for Hofstadter-type sequences
Index entries for sequences that are permutations of the natural numbers

Inverse: A267112.
Cf. A004001, A080677, A087686, A088359, A093879, A267108, A267109.
Similar or related permutations: A006068, A054429, A276441, A233275, A233277, A276343, A276345, A276445.
Cf. also permutations A266411, A266412 and arrays A265901, A265903.

a(1) = 1; for n > 1, if A093879(n-1) = 0 [when n is in A087686], a(n) = 2*a(A080677(n)-1), otherwise [when n is in A088359], a(n) = 1 + 2*a(A004001(n)-1).
Equally, for n > 1, if A093879(n-1) = 0, a(n) = 2*a(n - A004001(n)), otherwise a(n) = 1 + 2*a(A004001(n)-1). [Above formula in a more symmetric form.]
As a composition of other permutations:
a(n) = A054429(A276441(n)).
a(n) = A233275(A276343(n)).
a(n) = A233277(A276345(n)).
a(n) = A006068(A276445(n)).
Other identities. For all n >= 0:
a(2^n) = 2^n. [Follows from the properties (3) and (4) of A004001 given on page 227 of Kubo & Vakil paper.]

A283470 a(n) = A004001(A004001(n-1)) XOR A004001(n-A004001(n-1)), a(1) = a(2) = 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 7, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 2, 1, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 5, 6, 7, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4, 4, 7, 4, 5, 10, 10, 11, 10, 9, 9, 14, 15, 15, 14, 14, 14, 13, 10, 11, 11, 10, 9, 9, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Mar 18 2017

nonn

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..32768

Cf. A003987, A080677, A283468, A283469, A283472, A283471 (positions of zeros), A283473 (positions where coincides with A004001).

Cf. also A283677.

a[n_] := a[n] = If[n <= 2, 1, a[a[n - 1]] + a[n - a[n - 1]]]; Table[BitXor[a[#], a[n - #]] &@ a[n - 1] + Boole[n <= 2], {n, 107}] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 18 2017, after Robert G. Wilson v at A004001 *)

(define (A283470 n) (if (<= n 2) 1 (A003987bi (A004001 (A004001 (- n 1))) (A004001 (- n (A004001 (- n 1)))))))
;; A003987bi implements bitwise-XOR (see A003987). Code for A004001 given under that entry.

a(n) = A004001(A004001(n-1)) XOR A004001(A080677(n-1)), where XOR is bitwise-xor (A003987)
Other identities. For all n >= 1:
a(n) = A283469(n) - A283472(n).
A004001(n) = a(n) + 2*A283472(n).

Erroneous b-file replaced by a correct one - Antti Karttunen, Feb 24 2018

A162598 Ordinal transform of A265332.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 7, 3, 8, 4, 2, 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 5, 13, 14, 6, 15, 7, 3, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 9, 22, 23, 24, 10, 25, 26, 11, 27, 12, 5, 28, 29, 13, 30, 14, 6, 31, 15, 7, 3, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 17, 39, 40, 41, 42, 18, 43, 44, 45, 19, 46, 47

Offset: 1

Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jul 07 2009

This is a fractal sequence.
It appears that each group of 2^k terms starts with 1 and ends with the remaining powers of two from 2^k down to 2^1.
From Antti Karttunen, Jan 09-12 2016: (Start)
This is ordinal transform of A265332, which is modified A051135 (with a(1) = 1, instead of 2). -  after Franklin T. Adams-Watters' original definition for this sequence.
A000079 (powers of 2) indeed gives the positions of ones in this sequence. This follows from the properties (3) and (4) of A004001 given on page 227 of Kubo & Vakil paper (page 3 of PDF), which together also imply the pattern observed above, more clearly represented as:
a(2) = 1.
a(3..4) = 2, 1.
a(6..8) = 4, 2, 1.
a(13..16) = 8, 4, 2, 1.
a(28..31) = 16, 8, 4, 2, 1.
etc.
(End)

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..8192
T. Kubo and R. Vakil, On Conway's recursive sequence, Discr. Math. 152 (1996), 225-252.
Index entries for Hofstadter-type sequences

Cf. A004001, A051135, A080677, A087686.
Row index of A265901, column index of A265903.
Cf. A265332 (corresponding other index).
Cf. A000079 (positions of ones).
Cf. A000225 (from the term 3 onward the positions of 2's).
Cf. A000325 (from its third term 5 onward the positions of 3's, which occur always as the last term before the next descending subsequence of powers of two).

terms = 100;
h[1] = 1; h[2] = 1;
h[n_] := h[n] = h[h[n - 1]] + h[n - h[n - 1]];
t = Array[h, 2*terms];
A051135 = Take[Transpose[Tally[t]][[2]], terms];
b[_] = 1;
a[n_] := a[n] = With[{t = If[n == 1, 1, A051135[[n]]]}, b[t]++];
Array[a, terms] (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 19 2021, after Robert G. Wilson v in A051135 *)

Let b(1) = 1, b(n) = A051135(n) for n > 1. Then a(n) is the number of b(k) that equal b(n) for 1 <= k <= n: sum( 1, 1<=k<=n and a(k)=a(n) ).

If A265332(n) = 1, then a(n) = A004001(n), otherwise a(n) = a(A080677(n)-1) = a(n - A004001(n)). - Antti Karttunen, Jan 09 2016

Name amended by Antti Karttunen, Jan 09 2016

A276441 Permutation of natural numbers: a(1) = 1, a(A087686(1+n)) = 1 + 2a(n), a(A088359(n)) = 2a(n), where A088359 & A087686 = numbers that occur only once & more than once in A004001.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 2, 7, 6, 4, 5, 15, 14, 12, 8, 13, 10, 9, 11, 31, 30, 28, 24, 16, 29, 26, 20, 25, 18, 17, 27, 22, 21, 19, 23, 63, 62, 60, 56, 48, 32, 61, 58, 52, 40, 57, 50, 36, 49, 34, 33, 59, 54, 44, 53, 42, 41, 51, 38, 37, 35, 55, 46, 45, 43, 39, 47, 127, 126, 124, 120, 112, 96, 64, 125, 122, 116, 104, 80, 121, 114, 100, 72, 113, 98

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Sep 03 2016

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..8191
T. Kubo and R. Vakil, On Conway's recursive sequence, Discr. Math. 152 (1996), 225-252.
Index entries for sequences related to binary expansion of n
Index entries for Hofstadter-type sequences
Index entries for sequences that are permutations of the natural numbers

Inverse: A276442.
Cf. A000079, A000225, A004001, A080677, A087686, A088359, A093879.
Related or similar permutations: A006068, A054429, A233275, A233277, A267111, A276343, A276345, A276443.
Cf. also arrays A265901, A265903.

(definec (A276441 n) (cond ((< n 2) n) ((zero? (A093879 (- n 1))) (+ 1 (* 2 (A276441 (+ -1 (A080677 n)))))) (else (* 2 (A276441 (+ -1 (A004001 n)))))))

a(1) = 1; for n > 1, if A093879(n-1) = 0 [when n is in A087686], a(n) = 1 + 2*a(A080677(n)-1), otherwise [when n is in A088359], a(n) = 2*a(A004001(n)-1).
As a composition of other permutations:
a(n) = A054429(A267111(n)).
a(n) = A233277(A276343(n)).
a(n) = A233275(A276345(n)).
a(n) = A006068(A276443(n)).
Other identities. For all n >= 1:
a(A000079(n-1)) = A000225(n).

cp's OEIS Frontend

A004001 Hofstadter-Conway $10000 sequence: a(n) = a(a(n-1)) + a(n-a(n-1)) with a(1) = a(2) = 1.

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A087686 Elements of A004001 that repeat consecutively.

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A267111 Permutation of natural numbers: a(1) = 1, a(A087686(n)) = 2*a(n-1), a(A088359(n)) = 1+2*a(n), where A088359 and A087686 = numbers that occur only once (resp. more than once) in A004001, the Hofstadter-Conway $10000 sequence.

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A283470 a(n) = A004001(A004001(n-1)) XOR A004001(n-A004001(n-1)), a(1) = a(2) = 1.

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A162598 Ordinal transform of A265332.

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A276441 Permutation of natural numbers: a(1) = 1, a(A087686(1+n)) = 1 + 2*a(n), a(A088359(n)) = 2*a(n), where A088359 & A087686 = numbers that occur only once & more than once in A004001.

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A276445 Permutation of natural numbers: a(1) = 1, a(A087686(n)) = A001969(1+a(n-1)), a(A088359(n)) = A000069(1+a(n)), where A088359 & A087686 = numbers that occur only once & more than once in A004001, and A000069 & A001969 are odious & evil numbers.

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A283469 a(n) = A004001(A004001(n-1)) OR A004001(n-A004001(n-1)), a(1) = a(2) = 1.

A267111 Permutation of natural numbers: a(1) = 1, a(A087686(n)) = 2a(n-1), a(A088359(n)) = 1+2a(n), where A088359 and A087686 = numbers that occur only once (resp. more than once) in A004001, the Hofstadter-Conway $10000 sequence.

A276441 Permutation of natural numbers: a(1) = 1, a(A087686(1+n)) = 1 + 2a(n), a(A088359(n)) = 2a(n), where A088359 & A087686 = numbers that occur only once & more than once in A004001.