A095121 Expansion of (1-x+2x^2)/((1-x)*(1-2x)).

1, 2, 6, 14, 30, 62, 126, 254, 510, 1022, 2046, 4094, 8190, 16382, 32766, 65534, 131070, 262142, 524286, 1048574, 2097150, 4194302, 8388606, 16777214, 33554430, 67108862, 134217726, 268435454, 536870910, 1073741822, 2147483646, 4294967294, 8589934590

Offset: 0

Author

Paul Barry, May 28 2004

Keywords

• easy
• nonn

Comments

a(n+1)/2 = A000225(n). Binomial transform is A002783. Binomial transform of 2 - 2*0^n + (-1)^n or 1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,...

From Peter C. Heinig (algorithms(AT)gmx.de), Apr 17 2007: (Start)

Number of n-tuples where each entry is chosen from the subsets of {1,2} such that the intersection of all n entries contains exactly one element.

There is the following general formula: The number T(n,k,r) of n-tuples where each entry is chosen from the subsets of {1,2,..,k} such that the intersection of all n entries contains exactly r elements is: T(n,k,r) = binomial(k,r) * (2^n - 1)^(k-r). This may be shown by exhibiting a bijection to a set whose cardinality is obviously binomial(k,r) * (2^n - 1)^(k-r), namely the set of all k-tuples where each entry is chosen from subsets of {1,..,n} in the following way: Exactly r entries must be {1,..,n} itself (there are binomial(k,r) ways to choose them) and the remaining (k-r) entries must be chosen from the 2^n-1 proper subsets of {1,..,n}, i.e., for each of the (k-r) entries, {1,..,n} is forbidden (there are, independent of the choice of the full entries, (2^n - 1)^(k-r) possibilities to do that, hence the formula). The bijection into this set is given by (X_1,..,X_n) |-> (Y_1,..,Y_k) where for each j in {1,..,k} and each i in {1,..,n}, i is in Y_j if and only if j is in X_i.

Examples: a(1)=2 because the two tuples of length one are: ({1}) and ({2}).

a(3)=14 because the fourteen tuples of length three are: ({1},{1},{1}), ({2},{2},{2}), ({1,2},{1},{1}), ({1},{1,2},{1}), ({1},{1},{1,2}), ({1,2},{2},{2}), ({2},{1,2},{2}), ({2},{2},{1,2}), ({1,2},{1,2},{1}), ({1,2},{1},{1,2}), ({1},{1,2},{1,2}), ({1,2}{1,2}{2}), ({1,2}{2}{1,2}), ({2}{1,2}{1,2}).

The image of this set of tuples under the bijection described in the comment is: ({1,2,3},{}), ({},{1,2,3}), ({1,2,3},{1}), ({1,2,3},{2}), ({1,2,3},{3}), ({1},{1,2,3}), ({2},{1,2,3}), ({3},{1,2,3}), ({1,2,3},{1,2}), ({1,2,3},{1,3}), ({1,2,3},{2,3}), ({1,2},{1,2,3}), ({1,3},{1,2,3}), ({2,3},{1,2,3}). Here exactly one entry is {1,..,n}={1,2,3} and the other is a proper subset. (End)

An elephant sequence, see A175654. For the corner squares just one A[5] vector, with decimal value 170, leads to this sequence. For the central square this vector leads to the companion sequence A151821. - Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 15 2010

Conjecture: a(n) is the least m>0 such that A007814(A000108(m)) = n, where A000108 gives the Catalan numbers and A007814(x) is the 2-adic valuation of x (cf. A048881). - L. Edson Jeffery, Nov 26 2015

Also, the decimal representation of the diagonal from the corner to the origin of the n-th stage of growth of the two-dimensional cellular automaton defined by "Rule 645", based on the 5-celled von Neumann neighborhood, initialized with a single black (ON) cell at stage zero. - Robert Price, Jul 19 2017

References

• S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 170.

Links

• Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
• N. J. A. Sloane, On the Number of ON Cells in Cellular Automata, arXiv:1503.01168 [math.CO], 2015.
• Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Elementary Cellular Automaton
• S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science
• Wolfram Research, Wolfram Atlas of Simple Programs
• Index entries for sequences related to cellular automata
• Index to 2D 5-Neighbor Cellular Automata
• Index to Elementary Cellular Automata
• Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,-2).

Crossrefs

Cf. A000108, A000225, A000918, A002783, A007814, A048881, A123110, A127509, A151821, A175654.

Row sums of A131108, A132046, A153861, and A193815.

Programs

Magma

[-2+4*2^(n-1)+(Binomial(2*n,n) mod 2): n in [0..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 14 2015

Maple

ZL := [S, {S=Prod(B,B), B=Set(Z, 1 <= card)}, labeled]: seq(combstruct[ count](ZL, size=n), n=1..31); # Zerinvary Lajos, Mar 13 2007
for k from 1 to 31 do 2*(2^k-1); od;

Mathematica

Join[{1}, LinearRecurrence[{3, -2}, {2, 6}, 50]] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Feb 24 2012 *)
Join[{1},NestList[2#+2&,2,40]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 25 2013 *)

PARI

Vec((1-x+2*x^2)/((1-x)*(1-2*x)) + O(x^40)) \\ Michel Marcus, Aug 14 2015

PARI

vector(100, n, n--; if(n==0, 1, 2*2^n-2)) \\ Altug Alkan, Nov 26 2015

Formula

G.f.: (1-x+2*x^2)/((1-x)*(1-2*x)).

a(n) = A000918(n+1), n >= 1.

a(n) = 2*2^n - 2 + 0^n; a(n) = 3*a(n-1) - 2*a(n-2).

a(0)=1, a(1)=2, a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 2 for n>1. - Philippe Deléham, Sep 28 2006

a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} 2^k*A123110(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 09 2007

a(n) = 5*a(n-2) - 4*a(n-4) for n>4 [Because x(n)=f*x(n-1)+g*x(n-2) => x(n)=(f^2+2*g)*x(n-2)-g^2*x(n-4), here with f=3 and g=-2]. - Hermann Stamm-Wilbrandt, Aug 13 2015

E.g.f.: 1 + 2*exp(x)*(exp(x) - 1). - Stefano Spezia, Feb 25 2022

Extensions

Edited by N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 25 2007