A014132 Complement of triangular numbers (A000217); also array T(n,k) = ((n+k)^2 + n-k)/2, n, k > 0, read by antidiagonals.

2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79

Offset: 1

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

• nonn
• easy
• nice
• tabl

Comments

Numbers that are not triangular (nontriangular numbers).

Also definable as follows: a(1)=2; for n>1, a(n) is smallest integer greater than a(n-1) such that the condition "n and a(a(n)) have opposite parities" can always be satisfied. - Benoit Cloitre and Matthew Vandermast, Mar 10 2003

Record values in A256188 that are greater than 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 26 2015

From Daniel Forgues, Apr 10 2015: (Start)

With n >= 1, k >= 1:

t(n+k) - k, 1 <= k <= n+k-1, n >= 1;

t(n+k-1) + n, 1 <= n <= n+k-1, k >= 1;

where t(n+k) = t(n+k-1) + (n+k) is the (n+k)-th triangular number, while the number of compositions of n+k into 2 parts is C(n+k-1, 2-1) = n+k-1, the number of nontriangular numbers between t(n+k-1) and t(n+k), just right!

Related to Hilbert's Infinite Hotel:

0) All rooms, numbered through the positive integers, are full;

1) An infinite number of trains, each containing an infinite number of passengers, arrives: i.e., a 2-D lattice of pairs of positive integers;

2) Move occupant of room m, m >= 1, to room t(m) = m*(m+1)/2, where t(m) is the m-th triangular number;

3) Assign n-th passenger from k-th train to room t(n+k-1) + n, 1 <= n <= n+k-1, k >= 1;

4) Everybody has his or her own room, no room is empty, for m >= 1.

If situation 1 happens again, repeat steps 2 and 3, you're back to 4.

(End)

1711 + 2*a(n)*(58 + a(n)) is prime for n<=21. The terms that do not have this property start 29,32,34,43,47,58,59,60,62,63,65,68,70,73,... - Benedict W. J. Irwin, Nov 22 2016

Also numbers k with the property that in the symmetric representation of sigma(k) both Dyck paths have a central peak or both Dyck paths have a central valley. (Cf. A237593.) - Omar E. Pol, Aug 28 2018

Examples

			From _Boris Putievskiy_, Jan 14 2013: (Start)
Start of the sequence as a table (read by antidiagonals, right to left), where the k-th row corresponds to the k-th column of the triangle (shown thereafter):
   2,  4,  7, 11, 16, 22, 29, ...
   5,  8, 12, 17, 23, 30, 38, ...
   9, 13, 18, 24, 31, 39, 48, ...
  14, 19, 25, 32, 40, 49, 59, ...
  20, 26, 33, 41, 50, 60, 71, ...
  27, 34, 42, 51, 61, 72, 84, ...
  35, 43, 52, 62, 73, 85, 98, ...
  (...)
Start of the sequence as a triangle (read by rows), where the i elements of the i-th row are t(i) + 1 up to t(i+1) - 1, i >= 1:
   2;
   4,  5;
   7,  8,  9;
  11, 12, 13, 14;
  16, 17, 18, 19, 20;
  22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27;
  29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35;
  (...)
Row number i contains i numbers, where t(i) = i*(i+1)/2:
  t(i) + 1, t(i) + 2, ..., t(i) + i = t(i+1) - 1
(End) [Edited by _Daniel Forgues_, Apr 11 2015]
		

Links

• T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
• Benoit Cloitre, N. J. A. Sloane and M. J. Vandermast, Numerical analogues of Aronson's sequence, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 6 (2003), #03.2.2.
• Benoit Cloitre, N. J. A. Sloane and M. J. Vandermast, Numerical analogues of Aronson's sequence arXiv:math/0305308 [math.NT], 2003.
• Bakir Farhi, An explicit formula generating the non-Fibonacci numbers, arXiv:1105.1127 [math.NT], May 05 2011. See Example 5 p. 456.
• J. Lambek and L. Moser, Inverse and complementary sequences of natural numbers, Amer. Math. Monthly, 61 (1954), 454-458.
• Cristinel Mortici, Remarks on Complementary Sequences, Fibonacci Quart. 48 (2010), no. 4, 343-347.
• Boris Putievskiy, Transformations [of] Integer Sequences And Pairing Functions, arXiv:1212.2732 [math.CO], 2012.

Crossrefs

Cf. A000217, A006002, A035214, A080036, A002024, A007401, A003057, A114327, A002260, A004736, A118011, A237593.

Cf. A000124 (left edge: quasi-triangular numbers), A000096 (right edge: almost-triangular numbers), A006002 (row sums), A001105 (central terms).

Cf. A242401 (subsequence).

Cf. A004202, A256188.

Cf. A145397 (the non-tetrahedral numbers).

Programs

Haskell

a014132 n = n + round (sqrt $ 2 * fromInteger n)
a014132_list = filter ((== 0) . a010054) [0..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 12 2012

Magma

IsTriangular:=func< n | exists{ k: k in [1..Isqrt(2*n)] | n eq (k*(k+1) div 2)} >; [ n: n in [1..90] | not IsTriangular(n) ]; // Klaus Brockhaus, Jan 04 2011

Mathematica

f[n_] := n + Round[Sqrt[2n]]; Array[f, 71] (* or *)
Complement[ Range[83], Array[ #(# + 1)/2 &, 13]] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Oct 21 2005 *)
DeleteCases[Range[80],?(OddQ[Sqrt[8#+1]]&)] (* _Harvey P. Dale, Jul 24 2021 *)

PARI

a(n)=if(n<1,0,n+(sqrtint(8*n-7)+1)\2)

PARI

isok(n) = !ispolygonal(n,3); \\ Michel Marcus, Mar 01 2016

Python

from math import isqrt
def A014132(n): return n+(isqrt((n<<3)-7)+1>>1) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 17 2024

Formula

a(n) = n + round(sqrt(2*n)).

a(a(n)) = n + 2*floor(1/2 + sqrt(2n)) + 1.

a(n) = a(n-1) + A035214(n), a(1)=2.

a(n) = A080036(n) - 1.

a(n) = n + A002024(n). - Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 08 2010

A010054(a(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 10 2012

From Boris Putievskiy, Jan 14 2013: (Start)

a(n) = A007401(n)+1.

a(n) = A003057(n)^2 - A114327(n).

a(n) = ((t+2)^2 + i - j)/2, where

i = n-t*(t+1)/2,

j = (t*t+3*t+4)/2-n,

t = floor((-1+sqrt(8*n-7))/2). (End)

A248952(a(n)) < 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 20 2014

a(n) = A256188(A004202(n)). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 26 2015

From Robert Israel, Apr 20 2015 (Start):

a(n) = A118011(n) - n.

G.f.: x/(1-x)^2 + x/(1-x) * Sum(j>=0, x^(j*(j+1)/2)) = x/(1-x)^2 + x^(7/8)/(2-2*x) * Theta2(0,sqrt(x)), where Theta2 is a Jacobi theta function. (End)

G.f. as array: x*y*(2 - 2*y + x^2*y + y^2 - x*(1 + y))/((1 - x)^3*(1 - y)^3). - Stefano Spezia, Apr 22 2024

Extensions

Following Alford Arnold's comment: keyword tabl and correspondent crossrefs added by Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 12 2012

I restored the original definition. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 27 2019