A160377 -id:A160377 - cp's OEIS frontend

A033948 Numbers that have a primitive root (the multiplicative group modulo n is cyclic).

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 67, 71, 73, 74, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 89, 94, 97, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 109, 113, 118, 121, 122, 125, 127, 131, 134, 137, 139

Offset: 1

Calculated by Jud McCranie, entered by N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

The sequence consists of 1, 2, 4 and numbers of the form p^i and 2p^i, where p is an odd prime and i >= 1.
Sequence gives values of n such that x^2 == 1 (mod n) has no solution with 1 < x < n-1. - Benoit Cloitre, Jan 04 2002
Gaussian criterion for terms of the sequence: n is in the sequence iff Product_{1<=i<=n-1, gcd(i,n)=1} i == -1 (mod n), see example. - Vladimir Shevelev, Jan 11 2011
For the criterion used above see the Hardy and Wright reference, Theorem 129. p. 102, a consequence of Bauer's theorem. See also T. D. Noe's comment with the Nagell reference on A060594 and also A160377. - Wolfdieter Lang, Feb 16 2012
Also numbers n such that phi(n) = lambda(n) (or numbers with A034380(n)=1), where phi is A000010, and lambda is Carmichael's lambda: A002322. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jun 04 2013
All values of n>2 are given when there are exactly two solutions for n*j+1 is a square, 0 <= j < n, which are j = {0, n-2}. See Mathematica examples. - Richard R. Forberg, Mar 26 2016
Numbers n such that the Galois group of the cyclotomic field with the n-th roots of unity is a cyclic group. [Van der Waerden, p. 55, Th. 4.11.; Corwin, 1967] - N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 26 2016

			Gaussian product for n=9 is 1*2*4*5*7*8=2240. Since 2240==-1(mod 9), then 9 is in the sequence. - _Vladimir Shevelev_, Jan 11 2011

G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Fifth ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003, Theorem 129, p. 102.
I. Niven and H. S. Zuckerman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 4th edition, page 62, Theorem 2.25.
B. L. van der Waerden, Modern Algebra, 2nd. ed., Ungar, NY, Vol. I, 1948.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Anonymous, Notes on Number Theory:Primitive Roots [broken link]
Joerg Arndt, Matters Computational (The Fxtbook), p. 778.
L. J. Corwin, Irreducible polynomials over the integers which factor mod p for every p, Unpublished Bell Labs Memo, Sep 07 1967 [Annotated scanned copy]
Math Reference Project, Primitive Root
Jorma K. Merikoski, Pentti Haukkanen, and Timo Tossavainen, The congruence x^n = -a^n (mod m): Solvability and related OEIS sequences, Notes. Num. Theor. Disc. Math. (2024) Vol. 30, No. 3, 516-529. See p. 519.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Primitive Root
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Modulo Multiplication Group
Wolfram Research, Prime Roots

Cf. A033949 (complement), A072209, A001783 (Gaussian products used in the V. Shevelev example).
Cf. also A002322, A060594, A062373, A034380, A160377.
Union of 1, 2, 4, A061345, A278568.

m := proc(n) local k, r; r := 1; if n = 2 then return false fi;
for k from 1 to n do if igcd(n,k) = 1 then r := modp(r*k,n) fi od; r end:
select(n -> m(n) <> 1, [$1..139]); # Peter Luschny, May 25 2017

Join[{1}, Select[ Range[140], IntegerQ[ PrimitiveRoot[#]] &]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 27 2011 *)
Select[Range[139], EulerPhi[#] == CarmichaelLambda[#] &] (* T. D. Noe, Jun 04 2013 *)
result = {}; Do[count = 0;
Do[If[Mod[j^2, n] == 1, count++], {j, 2, n - 2}];
If[count == 0, AppendTo[result, n]], {n, 1, 200}]; result (* Richard R. Forberg, Mar 26 2016 *)
result = {}; Do[count = 0;
Do[ r = Sqrt[n*j + 1]; If[IntegerQ[r], count++], {j, 0, n}];
If[count == 2, AppendTo[result, n]], {n, 0, 200}]; result  (* missing{1,2} Richard R. Forberg, Mar 26 2016 *)

is(n)=if(n%2, isprimepower(n) || n==1, n==2 || n==4 || (isprimepower(n/2,&n) && n>2)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 16 2015

from sympy import primepi, integer_nthroot
def A033948(n):
    def bisection(f,kmin=0,kmax=1):
        while f(kmax) > kmax: kmax <<= 1
        kmin = kmax >> 1
        while kmax-kmin > 1:
            kmid = kmax+kmin>>1
            if f(kmid) <= kmid:
                kmax = kmid
            else:
                kmin = kmid
        return kmax
    def f(x): return int(n-1+x-(x>=2)-(x>=4)-sum(primepi(integer_nthroot(x,k)[0])-1 for k in range(1,x.bit_length()))-sum(primepi(integer_nthroot(x>>1,k)[0])-1 for k in range(1,x.bit_length()-1)))
    return bisection(f,n,n) # Chai Wah Wu, Feb 24 2025

A103131 The product of the residues in [1,n] relatively prime to n, taken modulo n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1

Offset: 1

Eric W. Weisstein, Jan 23 2005

sign

Old name was: Minimal residue (in absolute value) of A001783(n) (mod n).
If the positive representation for integers modulo n is used this is A160377. Here the symmetric (or minimal) representation for the integers modulo n is used.
From Gauss's generalization of Wilson's theorem (see Weisstein link) it follows that, for n>1, a(n) = -1 if and only if there exists a primitive root modulo n (cf. the Hardy and Wright reference, Theorem 129. p. 102). (Adapted from a comment by Vladimir Shevelev in A001783). - Peter Luschny, Oct 20 2012

			The residues in [1, 22] relatively prime to 22 are [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21] and the product of those residues is -1 modulo 22.

G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Fifth ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003, Theorem 129, p. 102.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..16385
J. B. Cosgrave and K. Dilcher, Extensions of the Gauss-Wilson Theorem, Integers: Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory, 8 (2008).
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Wilson's theorem

Cf. A001783, A160377, A211487, A216919.

A103131 := proc(n) local k, r; r := 1;
for k to n do if igcd(n,k) = 1 then r := mods(r*k, n) fi od;
r end: seq(A103131(i), i=1..102);   # Peter Luschny, Oct 20 2012

a[n_] := If[IntegerQ[PrimitiveRoot[n]], -1, 1]; a[1] = 0; a[2] = 1; Table[a[n], {n, 1, 102}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 09 2012, after Max Alekseyev *)

A211487(n) = if(n%2, !!isprimepower(n), (n==2 || n==4 || (isprimepower(n/2, &n) && n>2))); \\ After Charles R Greathouse IV's code for A033948.
A103131(n) = if(n<=2,n-1,(-1)^A211487(n)); \\ Antti Karttunen, Aug 22 2017

def A103131(n):
    def smod(a,n): return a-n*ceil(a/n-1/2) if n != 0 else a
    r = 1
    for k in (1..n):
        if gcd(n, k) == 1: r = smod(r*k, n)
    return r
[A103131(n) for n in (1..102)]  # Peter Luschny, Oct 20 2012

For n>2, a(n)=-1 if A060594(n)=2, or equivalently if n is in A033948; otherwise a(n)=1. - Max Alekseyev, May 26 2009; edited by Peter Luschny, May 25 2017.
a(n) = Gauss_factorial(n, n) modulo n. (Definition of the Gauss factorial in A216919.) - Peter Luschny, Oct 20 2012
For n > 2, a(n) = (-1)^A211487(n). (See Max Alekseyev's formula above.) - Antti Karttunen, Aug 22 2017

Definition rewritten by Max Alekseyev, May 26 2009
New name from Peter Luschny, Oct 20 2012
a(2) set to 1 by Peter Luschny, May 25 2017

A209389 Product of positive odd integers smaller than n and relatively prime to n, taken Modd n. A209388(n) (Modd n).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 1, 7, 1, 9, 1, 1, 5, 13, 11, 15, 13, 17, 1, 1, 13, 21, 1, 1, 7, 25, 1, 1, 17, 1, 1, 31, 23, 33, 29, 1, 31, 37, 25, 1, 9, 1, 1, 1, 19, 45, 1, 1, 1, 49, 35, 1, 23, 53, 21, 1, 37, 57, 1, 1, 11, 61, 55, 63, 1, 1, 1, 1, 47, 1

Offset: 1

Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 10 2012

For Modd n (not to be confused with mod n) see a comment on A203571.
See A209388 for the number of elements of the reduced residue class Modd n, called delta(n).
a(prime(n)) = (prime(n)-2)!! Modd prime(n) = 1 if n=1 or (prime(n)-1)/2 is odd, and = r(prime(n)) if (prime(n)-1)/2 is even. Here r(prime(n)) is the smallest positive nontrivial solution of x^2==1 (Modd prime(n)), which exists only for primes of the form 4*k+1 given in A002144. For r(prime(n)) see A206549. This is the analog of Wilson's theorem for Modd prime(n).
For (prime(n)-2)!! see A207332. [Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 28 2012]

			a(1) = 1 (Modd 1) = -1 (mod 1) = 0, because floor(1/1)=1 is odd. a(4)= 1*3 (Modd 4) = 3, a(15) = 1*7*11*13 (Modd 15) = 1001 (Modd 15) = 1001 (mod 15) because floor(1001/15) = 66 is even, hence a(15) = 11.

Cf. A209388, A160377 (mod n analog).

a(n) = A209388(n) (Modd n), n>=1.

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A033948 Numbers that have a primitive root (the multiplicative group modulo n is cyclic).

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A103131 The product of the residues in [1,n] relatively prime to n, taken modulo n.

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A209389 Product of positive odd integers smaller than n and relatively prime to n, taken Modd n. A209388(n) (Modd n).

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Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Crossrefs

Formula