A164863 -id:A164863 - cp's OEIS frontend

A278984 Array read by antidiagonals downwards: T(b,n) = number of words of length n over an alphabet of size b that are in standard order.

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 1, 8, 5, 2, 1, 1, 16, 14, 5, 2, 1, 1, 32, 41, 15, 5, 2, 1, 1, 64, 122, 51, 15, 5, 2, 1, 1, 128, 365, 187, 52, 15, 5, 2, 1, 1, 256, 1094, 715, 202, 52, 15, 5, 2, 1, 1, 512, 3281, 2795, 855, 203, 52, 15, 5, 2, 1, 1, 1024, 9842, 11051, 3845, 876, 203, 52, 15, 5, 2, 1

Offset: 1

Joerg Arndt and N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 05 2016

We study words made of letters from an alphabet of size b, where b >= 1. We assume the letters are labeled {1,2,3,...,b}. There are b^n possible words of length n.
We say that a word is in "standard order" if it has the property that whenever a letter i appears, the letter i-1 has already appeared in the word. This implies that all words begin with the letter 1.
Let X be the random variable that assigns to each permutation of {1,2,...,b} (with uniform distribution) its number of fixed points (as in A008290).  Then T(b,n) is the n-th moment about 0 of X, i.e., the expected value of X^n. - Geoffrey Critzer, Jun 23 2020

			The array begins:
1,.1,..1,...1,...1,...1,...1,....1..; b=1, A000012
1,.2,..4,...8,..16,..32,..64,..128..; b=2, A000079
1,.2,..5,..14,..41,.122,.365,.1094..; b=3, A007051 (A278985)
1,.2,..5,..15,..51,.187,.715,.2795..; b=4, A007581
1,.2,..5,..15,..52,.202,.855,.3845..; b=5, A056272
1,.2,..5,..15,..52,.203,.876,.4111..; b=6, A056273
...
The rows tend to A000110.

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1275
Joerg Arndt and N. J. A. Sloane, Counting Words that are in "Standard Order"
Pengyu Liu and Jingzhou Na, Word Motifs and a Generalized Hamming Distance, Contemp. Math. (2025) Vol. 6, Issue 1, 1255-1264. See p. 1257.

Rows 1 through 16 of the array are: A000012, A000079, A007051 (or A124302), A007581 (or A124303), A056272, A056273, A099262, A099263, A164863, A164864, A203641-A203646.
The limit of the rows is A000110, the Bell numbers.
See A278985 for the words arising in row b=3.
Cf. A203647, A137855 (essentially same table).

with(combinat);
f1:=proc(L,b) local t1;i;
t1:=add(stirling2(L,i),i=1..b);
end:
Q1:=b->[seq(f1(L,b), L=1..20)]; # the rows of the array are Q1(1), Q1(2), Q1(3), ...

T[b_, n_] := Sum[StirlingS2[n, j], {j, 1, b}]; Table[T[b-n+1, n], {b, 1, 12}, {n, b, 1, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 18 2017 *)

The number of words of length n over an alphabet of size b that are in standard order is Sum_{j = 1..b} Stirling2(n,j).

A164864 Number of ways of placing n labeled balls into 10 indistinguishable boxes; word structures of length n using a 10-ary alphabet.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, 21147, 115975, 678569, 4213530, 27641927, 190829797, 1381367941, 10448276360, 82285618467, 672294831619, 5676711562593, 49344452550230, 439841775811967, 4005444732928641, 37136385907400125, 349459367068932740

Offset: 0

Alois P. Heinz, Aug 28 2009

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Joerg Arndt and N. J. A. Sloane, Counting Words that are in "Standard Order"
Dmytro S. Inosov and Emil Vlasák, Cryptarithmically unique terms in integer sequences, arXiv:2410.21427 [math.NT], 2024. See pp. 3-4, 16-18.
N. Moreira and R. Reis, On the Density of Languages Representing Finite Set Partitions, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 8 (2005), Article 05.2.8.
Pierpaolo Natalini, Paolo Emilio Ricci, New Bell-Sheffer Polynomial Sets, Axioms 2018, 7(4), 71.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Set Partition
Wikipedia, Partition of a set
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (46,-906,9996,-67809,291774,-790964,1290824,-1136160,403200).

Cf. A000110, A048993, A008291, A098825, A000012, A000079, A007051, A007581, A124303, A056272, A056273, A099262, A099263, A164863.

A row of the array in A278984.

# First program:
a:= n-> ceil(2119/11520*2^n +103/1680*3^n +53/3456*4^n +11/3600*5^n +6^n/1920 +7^n/15120 +8^n/80640 +10^n/3628800): seq(a(n), n=0..25);
# second program:
a:= n-> add(Stirling2(n, k), k=0..10): seq(a(n), n=0..25);

Table[Sum[StirlingS2[n,k],{k,0,10}],{n,0,30}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 22 2023 *)

a(n) = Sum_{k=0..10} Stirling2 (n,k).
a(n) = ceiling(2119/11520*2^n +103/1680*3^n +53/3456*4^n +11/3600*5^n +6^n/1920 +7^n/15120 +8^n/80640 +10^n/3628800).
G.f.: (148329*x^9 -613453*x^8 +855652*x^7 -596229*x^6 +240065*x^5 -59410*x^4 +9177*x^3 -862*x^2 +45*x-1) / ((10*x-1) *(8*x-1) *(7*x-1) *(6*x-1) *(5*x-1) *(4*x-1) *(3*x-1) *(2*x-1) *(x-1)).
a(n) <= A000110(n) with equality only for n <= 10.

A203647 T(n,k) = number of arrays of n 0..k integers with new values introduced in order 0..k but otherwise unconstrained. Array read by antidiagonals.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 5, 8, 1, 2, 5, 14, 16, 1, 2, 5, 15, 41, 32, 1, 2, 5, 15, 51, 122, 64, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 187, 365, 128, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 202, 715, 1094, 256, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 855, 2795, 3281, 512, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 876, 3845, 11051, 9842, 1024, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877

Offset: 1

R. H. Hardin, Jan 04 2012

Table starts
....1.....1......1......1......1......1......1......1......1......1......1
....2.....2......2......2......2......2......2......2......2......2......2
....4.....5......5......5......5......5......5......5......5......5......5
....8....14.....15.....15.....15.....15.....15.....15.....15.....15.....15
...16....41.....51.....52.....52.....52.....52.....52.....52.....52.....52
...32...122....187....202....203....203....203....203....203....203....203
...64...365....715....855....876....877....877....877....877....877....877
..128..1094...2795...3845...4111...4139...4140...4140...4140...4140...4140
..256..3281..11051..18002..20648..21110..21146..21147..21147..21147..21147
..512..9842..43947..86472.109299.115179.115929.115974.115975.115975.115975
.1024.29525.175275.422005.601492.665479.677359.678514.678569.678570.678570
Lower left triangular part seems to be A102661. - R. J. Mathar, Nov 29 2015

			Some solutions for n=7, k=5:
..0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0....0
..0....0....1....1....1....1....0....0....1....1....1....1....1....1....1....1
..1....0....2....1....2....2....1....1....2....2....2....2....1....2....1....2
..0....1....1....0....3....3....2....2....1....3....1....1....1....0....0....2
..0....0....3....1....0....4....3....0....2....3....1....1....1....0....2....1
..2....2....4....2....2....0....4....2....0....2....2....3....2....3....2....0
..1....3....1....0....2....5....0....0....0....0....0....2....2....1....1....1

R. H. Hardin, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10011

Column 1 is A000079(n-1).
Column 2 is A007051(n-1).
Column 3 is A007581(n-1).
Column 4 is A056272.
Column 5 is A056273.
Column 6 is A099262.
Column 7 is A099263.
Column 8 is A164863.
Column 9 is A164864.
Column 10 is A203641.
Column 11 is A203642.
Column 12 is A203643.
Column 13 is A203644.
Column 14 is A203645.
Column 15 is A203646.
Diagonal is A000110.

T:= proc(n,k) option remember;  if k = 1 then 2^(n-1)
else 1 + add(binomial(n-1,j-1)*procname(n-j,k-1),j=1..n-1)
fi
end proc:
seq(seq(T(k,m-k),k=1..m-1),m=2..10); # Robert Israel, May 20 2016

T[n_, k_] := Sum[StirlingS2[n, j], {j, 1, k+1}]; Table[T[n-k+1, k], {n, 1, 12}, {k, n, 1, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 31 2017, after Andrew Howroyd *)

T(n,k) = Sum_{j = 1..k+1} Stirling2(n,j). - Andrew Howroyd, Mar 19 2017
T(n,k) = A278984(k+1, n). - Andrew Howroyd, Mar 19 2017
Empirical for column k:
k=1: a(n) = 2*a(n-1)
k=2: a(n) = 4*a(n-1) -3*a(n-2)
k=3: a(n) = 7*a(n-1) -14*a(n-2) +8*a(n-3)
k=4: a(n) = 11*a(n-1) -41*a(n-2) +61*a(n-3) -30*a(n-4)
k=5: a(n) = 16*a(n-1) -95*a(n-2) +260*a(n-3) -324*a(n-4) +144*a(n-5)
k=6: a(n) = 22*a(n-1) -190*a(n-2) +820*a(n-3) -1849*a(n-4) +2038*a(n-5) -840*a(n-6)
k=7: a(n) = 29*a(n-1) -343*a(n-2) +2135*a(n-3) -7504*a(n-4) +14756*a(n-5) -14832*a(n-6) +5760*a(n-7)
k=8: a(n) = 37*a(n-1) -574*a(n-2) +4858*a(n-3) -24409*a(n-4) +74053*a(n-5) -131256*a(n-6) +122652*a(n-7) -45360*a(n-8)
k=9: a(n) = 46*a(n-1) -906*a(n-2) +9996*a(n-3) -67809*a(n-4) +291774*a(n-5) -790964*a(n-6) +1290824*a(n-7) -1136160*a(n-8) +403200*a(n-9)
k=10: a(n) = 56*a(n-1) -1365*a(n-2) +19020*a(n-3) -167223*a(n-4) +965328*a(n-5) -3686255*a(n-6) +9133180*a(n-7) -13926276*a(n-8) +11655216*a(n-9) -3991680*a(n-10)
k=11: a(n) = 67*a(n-1) -1980*a(n-2) +33990*a(n-3) -375573*a(n-4) +2795331*a(n-5) -14241590*a(n-6) +49412660*a(n-7) -113667576*a(n-8) +163671552*a(n-9) -131172480*a(n-10) +43545600*a(n-11)
k=12: a(n) = 79*a(n-1) -2783*a(n-2) +57695*a(n-3) -782133*a(n-4) +7284057*a(n-5) -47627789*a(n-6) +219409685*a(n-7) -703202566*a(n-8) +1519272964*a(n-9) -2082477528*a(n-10) +1606986720*a(n-11) -518918400*a(n-12)
k=13: a(n) = 92*a(n-1) -3809*a(n-2) +93808*a(n-3) -1530243*a(n-4) +17419116*a(n-5) -141963107*a(n-6) +835933384*a(n-7) -3542188936*a(n-8) +10614910592*a(n-9) -21727767984*a(n-10) +28528276608*a(n-11) -21289201920*a(n-12) +6706022400*a(n-13)
k=14: a(n) = 106*a(n-1) -5096*a(n-2) +147056*a(n-3) -2840838*a(n-4) +38786748*a(n-5) -385081268*a(n-6) +2816490248*a(n-7) -15200266081*a(n-8) +59999485546*a(n-9) -169679309436*a(n-10) +331303013496*a(n-11) -418753514880*a(n-12) +303268406400*a(n-13) -93405312000*a(n-14)
k=15: a(n) = 121*a(n-1) -6685*a(n-2) +223405*a(n-3) -5042947*a(n-4) +81308227*a(n-5) -965408015*a(n-6) +8576039615*a(n-7) -57312583328*a(n-8) +287212533608*a(n-9) -1066335473840*a(n-10) +2866534951280*a(n-11) -5367984964224*a(n-12) +6557974412544*a(n-13) -4622628648960*a(n-14) +1394852659200*a(n-15)
From Robert Israel, May 20 2016: (Start)
T(n,k) = 1 + Sum_{j=1..n-1} binomial(n-1,j-1)*T(n-j,k-1).
G.f. for columns g_k(z) satisfies g_k(z) = (z/(1-z))*(1+ g_{k-1}(z/(1-z))) with g_1(z) = z/(1-2z).
Thus g_k is a rational function: it has a simple pole at z=1/j for 1<=j<=k+1 except j=k, and it has a finite limit at infinity (so the degree of the numerator is k).  This implies that column k satisfies the recurrences listed above, whose coefficients correspond to the expansion of (z-1/(k+1))* Product_{j=1..k-1}(z - 1/j).
(End)

A203641 Number of arrays of n 0..10 integers with new values introduced in order 0..10 but otherwise unconstrained.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, 21147, 115975, 678570, 4213596, 27644358, 190895863, 1382847419, 10477213268, 82797679445, 680685836527, 5806124780384, 51245294979716, 466668627500968, 4371727233798927, 42000637216351225

Offset: 1

R. H. Hardin, Jan 04 2012

From Danny Rorabaugh, Mar 03 2015: (Start)
a(n) is also the number of ways of placing n labeled balls into 11 indistinguishable boxes.
a(n) is also the number of word structures of length n using an 11-ary alphabet.
(End)

R. H. Hardin, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..210
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Set Partition.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (56, -1365, 19020, -167223, 965328, -3686255, 9133180, -13926276, 11655216, -3991680).

Column k=10 of A203647.

Cf. A056272, A056273, A164863, A164864.

f:= n -> add(Stirling2(n,k),k=1..11):
map(f, [$1..100]); # Robert Israel, Aug 08 2016

a(n) = sum(k=1,11,stirling(n,k, 2)); \\ Michel Marcus, Mar 03 2015

Empirical: a(n) = 56*a(n-1) -1365*a(n-2) +19020*a(n-3) -167223*a(n-4) +965328*a(n-5) -3686255*a(n-6) +9133180*a(n-7) -13926276*a(n-8) +11655216*a(n-9) -3991680*a(n-10).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..11} stirling2(n,k). - Danny Rorabaugh, Mar 03 2015
G.f.: Sum_{k=1..11} Product_{j=1..k} x/(1-j*x).  This confirms the empirical recurrence. - Robert Israel, Aug 08 2016

A164933 Word structures of length n using a 10-ary alphabet, including a special character, which may occur in the leftmost word position only if n=1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 10, 37, 151, 674, 3263, 17007, 94828, 562594, 3534961, 23428397, 163187870, 1190538144, 9066908419, 71837342107, 590009213152, 5004416730974, 43667740987637, 390497323261737, 3565602957116674, 33130941174471484, 312322981161532615, 2979191694795132887

Offset: 0

Alois P. Heinz, Aug 31 2009

a(n) is also the number of ways of placing n labeled balls into 9 indistinguishable boxes and one special box, where the first ball is allowed to be member of the special box only if n=1.

			a(0) = 1, the only possible word structure is the empty word.
a(1) = 2, word structures are a and X, where X denotes the special character.
a(2) = 3, word structures are aa, ab, aX.
a(3) = 10, word structures are aaa, aab, aba, baa, abc, aaX, abX, aXa, aXb, aXX.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (45, -861, 9135, -58674, 233100, -557864, 732960, -403200).

Cf. A007318, A048993, A164863, A164864, A000079, A000244, A007582, A086444, A005493.

# first program:
a:= n-> `if`(n<2, n+1, 2119/11520*2^n +103/840*3^n +53/1152*4^n +11/900*5^n +6^n/384 +7^n/2520 +8^n/11520 +10^n/403200): seq(a(n), n=0..30);
# second program:
a:= n-> `if`(n<2, n+1, add(add(Stirling2(n-m, k), k=0..9) *binomial(n-1, m), m=0..n-1)): seq(a(n), n=0..30);

a(n) = Sum_{m=0..n-1} C(n-1,m) Sum_{k=0..9} S2 (n-m, k), if n>1; a(n) = n+1 else.
a(n) = 2119/11520*2^n +103/840*3^n +53/1152*4^n +11/900*5^n +6^n/384 +7^n/2520 +8^n/11520 +10^n/403200, if n>1; a(n) = n+1 else.
G.f.: (403200*x^9 -478089*x^8 +35157*x^7 +202072*x^6 -136061*x^5 +42574*x^4 -7538*x^3 +774*x^2 -43*x+1) / ((2*x-1)* (3*x-1)* (4*x-1)* (5*x-1)* (6*x-1)* (7*x-1)* (8*x-1)* (10*x-1)).

cp's OEIS Frontend

A278984 Array read by antidiagonals downwards: T(b,n) = number of words of length n over an alphabet of size b that are in standard order.

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A164864 Number of ways of placing n labeled balls into 10 indistinguishable boxes; word structures of length n using a 10-ary alphabet.

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A203647 T(n,k) = number of arrays of n 0..k integers with new values introduced in order 0..k but otherwise unconstrained. Array read by antidiagonals.

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A203641 Number of arrays of n 0..10 integers with new values introduced in order 0..10 but otherwise unconstrained.

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A164933 Word structures of length n using a 10-ary alphabet, including a special character, which may occur in the leftmost word position only if n=1.

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