A000081 -id:A000081 - cp's OEIS frontend

A291636 Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees.

1, 4, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 38, 49, 56, 64, 76, 86, 98, 106, 112, 128, 133, 152, 172, 196, 212, 214, 224, 256, 262, 266, 301, 304, 326, 343, 344, 361, 371, 392, 424, 428, 448, 454, 512, 524, 526, 532, 602, 608, 622, 652, 686, 688, 722, 742, 749, 766, 784, 817

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Aug 28 2017

nonn

We say that a rooted tree is lone-child-avoiding if no vertex has exactly one child.
The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree is the product of primes indexed by the Matula-Goebel numbers of its branches. This gives a bijective correspondence between positive integers and unlabeled rooted trees.
An alternative definition: n is in the sequence iff n is 1 or the product of two or more not necessarily distinct prime numbers whose prime indices already belong to the sequence. For example, 14 is in the sequence because 14 = prime(1) * prime(4) and 1 and 4 both already belong to the sequence.

			The sequence of all lone-child-avoiding rooted trees together with their Matula-Goebel numbers begins:
    1: o
    4: (oo)
    8: (ooo)
   14: (o(oo))
   16: (oooo)
   28: (oo(oo))
   32: (ooooo)
   38: (o(ooo))
   49: ((oo)(oo))
   56: (ooo(oo))
   64: (oooooo)
   76: (oo(ooo))
   86: (o(o(oo)))
   98: (o(oo)(oo))
  106: (o(oooo))
  112: (oooo(oo))
  128: (ooooooo)
  133: ((oo)(ooo))
  152: (ooo(ooo))
  172: (oo(o(oo)))

David Callan, A sign-reversing involution to count labeled lone-child-avoiding trees, arXiv:1406.7784 [math.CO], (30-June-2014).
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting series-reduced and lone-child-avoiding trees by number of vertices.
Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Goebel numbers

These trees are counted by A001678.
The case with more than two branches is A331490.
Unlabeled rooted trees are counted by A000081.
Topologically series-reduced rooted trees are counted by A001679.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are counted by A060356.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding unrooted trees are counted by A108919.
MG numbers of singleton-reduced rooted trees are A330943.
MG numbers of topologically series-reduced rooted trees are A331489.
Cf. A007097, A061775, A109082, A109129, A111299, A196050, A198518, A276625, A291441, A291442, A331488.

nn=2000;
primeMS[n_]:=If[n===1,{},Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]];
srQ[n_]:=Or[n===1,With[{m=primeMS[n]},And[Length[m]>1,And@@srQ/@m]]];
Select[Range[nn],srQ]

Updated with corrected terminology by Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020

A298422 Number of rooted trees with n nodes in which all positive outdegrees are the same.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 2, 6, 4, 9, 2, 20, 2, 26, 12, 53, 2, 120, 2, 223, 43, 454, 2, 1100, 11, 2182, 215, 4902, 2, 11446, 2, 24744, 1242, 56014, 58, 131258, 2, 293550, 7643, 676928, 2, 1582686, 2, 3627780, 49155, 8436382, 2, 19809464, 50, 46027323, 321202

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Jan 19 2018

nonn

Row sums of A298426.

			The a(9) = 6 trees: ((((((((o)))))))), (o(o(o(oo)))), (o((oo)(oo))), ((oo)(o(oo))), (ooo(oooo)), (oooooooo).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200

Cf. A000005, A000081, A000598, A001190, A001678, A003238, A004111, A008864, A032305, A067538, A111299, A124343, A143773, A289078, A289079, A295461, A298118, A298204, A298423, A298424, A298426.

srut[n_]:=srut[n]=If[n===1,{{}},Select[Join@@Function[c,Union[Sort/@Tuples[srut/@c]]]/@Select[IntegerPartitions[n-1],Function[ptn,And@@(Divisible[#-1,Length[ptn]]&/@ptn)]],SameQ@@Length/@Cases[#,{},{0,Infinity}]&]];
Table[srut[n]//Length,{n,20}]

a(n) = 2 <=> n in {A008864}. - Alois P. Heinz, Jan 20 2018

a(44)-a(52) from Alois P. Heinz, Jan 20 2018

A301700 Number of aperiodic rooted trees with n nodes.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 10, 21, 52, 120, 290, 697, 1713, 4200, 10446, 26053, 65473, 165257, 419357, 1068239, 2732509, 7013242, 18059960, 46641983, 120790324, 313593621, 816046050, 2128101601, 5560829666, 14557746453, 38177226541, 100281484375, 263815322761, 695027102020

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Apr 23 2018

nonn

An unlabeled rooted tree is aperiodic if the multiset of branches of the root is an aperiodic multiset, meaning it has relatively prime multiplicities, and each branch is also aperiodic.

			The a(6) = 10 aperiodic trees are (((((o))))), (((o(o)))), ((o((o)))), ((oo(o))), (o(((o)))), (o(o(o))), ((o)((o))), (oo((o))), (o(o)(o)), (ooo(o)).

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..500

Cf. A000081, A000740, A000837, A001678, A003238, A004111, A007716, A007916, A100953, A276625, A284639, A290689, A298422, A303386, A303431.

arut[n_]:=arut[n]=If[n===1,{{}},Join@@Function[c,Select[Union[Sort/@Tuples[arut/@c]],GCD@@Length/@Split[#]===1&]]/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]];
Table[Length[arut[n]],{n,20}]

EulerT(v)={Vec(exp(x*Ser(dirmul(v,vector(#v,n,1/n))))-1, -#v)}
MoebiusT(v)={vector(#v, n, sumdiv(n,d,moebius(n/d)*v[d]))}
seq(n)={my(v=[1]); for(n=2, n, v=concat([1], MoebiusT(EulerT(v)))); v} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Sep 01 2018

Terms a(21) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Sep 01 2018

A001429 Number of n-node connected unicyclic graphs.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 5, 13, 33, 89, 240, 657, 1806, 5026, 13999, 39260, 110381, 311465, 880840, 2497405, 7093751, 20187313, 57537552, 164235501, 469406091, 1343268050, 3848223585, 11035981711, 31679671920, 91021354454, 261741776369, 753265624291, 2169441973139, 6252511838796

Offset: 3

N. J. A. Sloane

Also unlabeled connected simple graphs with n vertices and n edges. The labeled version is A057500. - Gus Wiseman, Feb 12 2024

			From _Gus Wiseman_, Feb 12 2024: (Start)
Representatives of the a(3) = 1 through a(6) = 13 simple graphs:
  {12,13,23}  {12,13,14,23}  {12,13,14,15,23}  {12,13,14,15,16,23}
              {12,13,24,34}  {12,13,14,23,25}  {12,13,14,15,23,26}
                             {12,13,14,23,45}  {12,13,14,15,23,46}
                             {12,13,14,25,35}  {12,13,14,15,26,36}
                             {12,13,24,35,45}  {12,13,14,23,25,36}
                                               {12,13,14,23,25,46}
                                               {12,13,14,23,45,46}
                                               {12,13,14,23,45,56}
                                               {12,13,14,25,26,35}
                                               {12,13,14,25,35,46}
                                               {12,13,14,25,35,56}
                                               {12,13,14,25,36,56}
                                               {12,13,24,35,46,56}
(End)

R. C. Read and R. J. Wilson, An Atlas of Graphs, Oxford, 1998.
J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 150.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 3..500
Washington G. Bomfim, A picture of the twenty one unicycles with 3,4,5 and 6 vertices
Audace A. V. Dossou-Olory, Graphs and unicyclic graphs with extremal connected subgraphs, arXiv:1812.02422 [math.CO], 2018.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, 1988-04-12 (annotated scanned copy) Includes illustrations for n <= 6.
R. K. Guy, The Second Strong Law of Small Numbers, Math. Mag, 63 (1990), no. 1, 3-20. [Annotated scanned copy]
S. Karim, J. Sawada, Z. Alamgirz and S. M. Husnine, Generating bracelets with fixed content, Theoretical Computer Science, Volume 475, 4 March 2013, Pages 103-112.
Richard J. Mathar, Counting Connected Graphs without Overlapping Cycles, arXiv:1808.06264 [math.CO], 2018.
Marko Riedel et al., Non-isomorphic, connected, unicyclic graphs, Math Stackexchange, November 2018. (Derivation of algorithm and Maple implementation using PET.)
Marko Riedel, Maple implementation using PET.
M. L. Stein and P. R. Stein, Enumeration of Linear Graphs and Connected Linear Graphs up to p = 18 Points, Report LA-3775, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California, Los Alamos, NM, Oct 1967. doi: 10.2172/4180737.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Unicyclic Graph

For at most one cycle we have A005703, labeled A129271, complement A140637.
Next-to-main diagonal of A054924. Cf. A000055.
The labeled version is A057500, connected case of A137916.
This is the connected case of A137917 and A236570.
Row k = 1 of A137918.
The version with loops is A368983.
A001349 counts unlabeled connected graphs.
A001434 and A006649 count unlabeled graphs with # vertices = # edges.
A006129 counts covering graphs, unlabeled A002494.
Cf. A014068, A054548, A116508, A133686, A140638, A369143, A369201.

Needs["Combinatorica`"];
nn=30;s[n_,k_]:=s[n,k]=a[n+1-k]+If[n<2k,0,s[n-k,k]];a[1]=1;a[n_]:=a[n]=Sum[a[i]s[n-1,i]i,{i,1,n-1}]/(n-1);rt=Table[a[i],{i,1,nn}];Apply[Plus,Table[Take[CoefficientList[CycleIndex[DihedralGroup[n],s]/.Table[s[j]->Table[Sum[rt[[i]]x^(k*i),{i,1,nn}],{k,1,nn}][[j]],{j,1,nn}],x],nn],{n,3,nn}]]  (* Geoffrey Critzer, Oct 12 2012, after code given by Robert A. Russell in A000081 *)
(* Second program: *)
TreeGf[nn_] := Module[{A}, A = Table[1, {nn}]; For[n = 1, n <= nn 1, n++, A[[n + 1]] = 1/n * Sum[Sum[ d*A[[d]], {d, Divisors[k]}]*A[[n - k + 1]], {k, 1, n}]]; x A.x^Range[0, nn-1]];
seq[n_] := Module[{t, g}, If[n < 3, {}, t = TreeGf[n - 2]; g[e_] := Normal[t + O[x]^(Quotient[n, e]+1)] /. x -> x^e  + O[x]^(n+1); Sum[Sum[ EulerPhi[d]*g[d]^(k/d), {d, Divisors[k]}]/k + If[OddQ[k], g[1]* g[2]^Quotient[k, 2], (g[1]^2 + g[2])*g[2]^(k/2-1)/2], {k, 3, n}]]/2 // Drop[CoefficientList[#, x], 3]&];
seq[32] (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 05 2019, after Andrew Howroyd's PARI code *)

\\ TreeGf gives gf of A000081
TreeGf(N)={my(A=vector(N, j, 1)); for (n=1, N-1, A[n+1] = 1/n * sum(k=1, n, sumdiv(k, d, d*A[d]) * A[n-k+1] ) ); x*Ser(A)}
seq(n)={if(n<3, [], my(t=TreeGf(n-2)); my(g(e)=subst(t + O(x*x^(n\e)),x,x^e) + O(x*x^n)); Vec(sum(k=3, n, sumdiv(k, d, eulerphi(d)*g(d)^(k/d))/k + if(k%2, g(1)*g(2)^(k\2), (g(1)^2+g(2))*g(2)^(k/2-1)/2))/2))} \\ Andrew Howroyd, May 05 2018

a(n) = A068051(n) - A027852(n) - A000081(n).

More terms from Ronald C. Read
a(27) corrected, more terms, formula from Christian G. Bower, Feb 12 2002
Edited by Charles R Greathouse IV, Oct 05 2009
Terms a(30) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, May 05 2018

A111299 Numbers whose Matula tree is a binary tree (i.e., root has degree 2 and all nodes except root and leaves have degree 3).

Original entry on oeis.org

4, 14, 49, 86, 301, 454, 886, 1589, 1849, 3101, 3986, 6418, 9761, 13766, 13951, 19049, 22463, 26798, 31754, 48181, 51529, 57026, 75266, 85699, 93793, 100561, 111139, 128074, 137987, 196249, 199591, 203878, 263431, 295969, 298154, 302426, 426058, 448259, 452411

Offset: 1

Keith Briggs, Nov 02 2005

nonn

This sequence should probably start with 1. Then a number k is in the sequence iff k = 1 or k = prime(x) * prime(y) with x and y already in the sequence. - Gus Wiseman, May 04 2021

			From _Gus Wiseman_, May 04 2021: (Start)
The sequence of trees (starting with 1) begins:
     1: o
     4: (oo)
    14: (o(oo))
    49: ((oo)(oo))
    86: (o(o(oo)))
   301: ((oo)(o(oo)))
   454: (o((oo)(oo)))
   886: (o(o(o(oo))))
  1589: ((oo)((oo)(oo)))
  1849: ((o(oo))(o(oo)))
  3101: ((oo)(o(o(oo))))
  3986: (o((oo)(o(oo))))
  6418: (o(o((oo)(oo))))
  9761: ((o(oo))((oo)(oo)))
(End)

Kevin Ryde, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..5000 (terms 1..186 from Charles R Greathouse IV)
Keith Briggs, Matula numbers and rooted trees
F. Goebel, On a 1-1-correspondence between rooted trees and natural numbers, J. Combin. Theory, B 29 (1980), 141-143.
D. Matula, A natural rooted tree enumeration by prime factorization, SIAM Rev. 10 (1968) 273.
Kevin Ryde, PARI/GP Code
Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Goebel numbers

Cf. A245824 (by number of leaves).
Cf. A005517, A005518, A061773, A245824.
These trees are counted by 2*A001190 - 1.
The semi-binary version is A292050 (counted by A001190).
The semi-identity case is A339193 (counted by A063895).
A000081 counts unlabeled rooted trees with n nodes.
A007097 ranks rooted chains.
A276625 ranks identity trees, counted by A004111.
A306202 ranks semi-identity trees, counted by A306200.
A306203 ranks balanced semi-identity trees, counted by A306201.
A331965 ranks lone-child avoiding semi-identity trees, counted by A331966.
Cf. A036656, A061775, A196050, A291636, A320230, A331935, A331965.

nn=20000;
primeMS[n_]:=If[n===1,{},Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]];
binQ[n_]:=Or[n===1,With[{m=primeMS[n]},And[Length[m]===2,And@@binQ/@m]]];
Select[Range[2,nn],binQ] (* Gus Wiseman, Aug 28 2017 *)

i(n)=n==2 || is(primepi(n))
is(n)=if(n<14,return(n==4)); my(f=factor(n),t=#f[,1]); if(t>1, t==2 && f[1,2]==1 && f[2,2]==1 && i(f[1,1]) && i(f[2,1]), f[1,2]==2 && i(f[1,1])) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 29 2013

list(lim)=my(v=List(), t); forprime(p=2, sqrt(lim), t=p; forprime(q=p, lim\t, if(i(p)&&i(q), listput(v, t*q)))); vecsort(Vec(v)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 29 2013

PARI
```
\\ Also see links.
```

The Matula tree of k is defined as follows:
matula(k):
    create a node labeled k
    for each prime factor m of k:
       add the subtree matula(prime(m)), by an edge labeled m
    return the node

Definition corrected by Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 29 2013

a(27)-a(39) from Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 29 2013

A001372 Number of unlabeled mappings (or mapping patterns) from n points to themselves; number of unlabeled endofunctions.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 7, 19, 47, 130, 343, 951, 2615, 7318, 20491, 57903, 163898, 466199, 1328993, 3799624, 10884049, 31241170, 89814958, 258604642, 745568756, 2152118306, 6218869389, 17988233052, 52078309200, 150899223268, 437571896993, 1269755237948, 3687025544605, 10712682919341, 31143566495273, 90587953109272, 263627037547365

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

			The a(3) = 7 mappings are:
1->1, 2->2, 3->3
1->1, 2->2, 3->1 (equiv. to 1->1, 2->2, 3->2, or 1->1, 2->1, 3->3, etc.)
1->1, 2->3, 3->2
1->1, 2->1, 3->2
1->1, 2->1, 3->1
1->2, 2->3, 3->1
1->2, 2->1, 3->1

F. Bergeron, G. Labelle, and P. Leroux, Combinatorial Species and Tree-Like Structures, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 41, 209.
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, Section 5.6.6.
R. A. Fisher, Contributions to Mathematical Statistics, Wiley, 1950, 41.401.
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 70, Table 3.4.1.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000 (first 501 terms from Christian G. Bower)
A. L. Agore, A. Chirvasitu, and G. Militaru, The set-theoretic Yang-Baxter equation, Kimura semigroups and functional graphs, arXiv:2303.06700 [math.QA], 2023.
N. G. de Bruijn, Enumeration of mapping patterns, J. Combin. Theory, 12 (1972), 14-20.
N. G. de Bruijn and D. A. Klarner, Multisets of aperiodic cycles, SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods 3 (1982), no. 3, 359--368. MR0666861(84i:05008).
Robert L. Davis, The number of structures of finite relations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 (1953), 486-495.
Oscar Defrain, Antonio E. Porreca and Ekaterina Timofeeva, Polynomial-delay generation of functional digraphs up to isomorphism, arXiv:2302.13832 [cs.DS], 2023-2024.
Oscar Defrain, Antonio E. Porreca and Ekaterina Timofeeva, Polynomial-delay generation of functional digraphs up to isomorphism, Disc. Appl. Math., vol 357 (2024), pp. 24-33.
Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 480
Alexander Heaton, Songpon Sriwongsa, and Jeb F. Willenbring, Branching from the General Linear Group to the Symmetric Group and the Principal Embedding, Algebraic Combinatorics, vol. 4, issue 2 (2021), p. 189-200.
Florent Hivert, Jean-Christophe Novelli, and Jean-Yves Thibon, Commutative combinatorial Hopf algebras, arXiv:math/0605262 [math.CO], 2006.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 144
Sujoy Mukherjee and Petr Vojtěchovský, Minimal representatives of endofunctions, Univ. Denver (2024).
Ronald C. Read, Note on number of functional digraphs, Math. Ann., vol. 143 (1961), pp. 109-111.
Marko Riedel, stackexchange.com, Enumeration of functions by Simultaneous Power Group Enumeration (SPGE)
Marko Riedel, Maple code for sequence using SPGE
Sara Riva, Factorisation of Discrete Dynamical Systems, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Côte d'Azur (France 2023).
N. J. A. Sloane, Illustration of initial terms
N. J. A. Sloane, Transforms
P. R. Stein, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 02 1971

Cf. A000312, A002861, A006961, A001373, A054050, A054745.

with(combstruct): M[ 2671 ] := [ F,{F=Set(K), K=Cycle(T), T=Prod(Z,Set(T))},unlabeled ]:
a:=seq(count(M[2671],size=n),n=0..27); # added by W. Edwin Clark, Nov 23 2010

Needs["Combinatorica`"];
nn=30;s[n_,k_]:=s[n,k]=a[n+1-k]+If[n<2 k,0,s[n-k,k]];a[1]=1;a[n_]:=a[n]=Sum[a[i] s[n-1,i] i,{i,1,n-1}]/(n-1);rt=Table[a[i],{i,1,nn}];c=Drop[Apply[Plus,Table[Take[CoefficientList[CycleIndex[CyclicGroup[n],s]/.Table[s[j]->Table[Sum[rt[[i]] x^(k*i),{i,1,nn}],{k,1,nn}][[j]],{j,1,nn}],x],nn],{n,1,30}]],1];CoefficientList[Series[Product[1/(1-x^i)^c[[i]],{i,1,nn-1}],{x,0,nn}],x]  (* after code given by Robert A. Russell in A000081 *) (* Geoffrey Critzer, Oct 12 2012 *)
max = 40; A[n_] := A[n] = If[n <= 1, n, Sum[DivisorSum[j, #*A[#]&]*A[n-j], {j, 1, n-1}]/(n-1)]; H[t_] := Sum[A[n]*t^n, {n, 0, max}]; F = 1 / Product[1 - H[x^n], {n, 1, max}] + O[x]^max; CoefficientList[F, x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 01 2015, after Joerg Arndt *)

N=66;  A=vector(N+1, j, 1);
for (n=1, N, A[n+1] = 1/n * sum(k=1, n, sumdiv(k, d, d * A[d]) * A[n-k+1] ) );
A000081=concat([0], A);
H(t)=subst(Ser(A000081, 't), 't, t);
x='x+O('x^N);
F=1/prod(n=1,N, 1 - H(x^n));
Vec(F)
\\ Joerg Arndt, Jul 10 2014

Euler transform of A002861.

a(n) ~ c * d^n / sqrt(n), where d = A051491 = 2.9557652856519949747148... (Otter's rooted tree constant), c = 0.442876769782206479836... (for a closed form see "Mathematical Constants", p.308). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Mar 17 2015

More terms etc. from Paul Zimmermann, Mar 15 1996

Name edited by Keith J. Bauer, Jan 07 2024

A048816 Number of rooted trees with n nodes with every leaf at the same height.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 17, 28, 42, 68, 103, 168, 260, 420, 665, 1075, 1716, 2787, 4489, 7304, 11849, 19333, 31504, 51561, 84347, 138378, 227096, 373445, 614441, 1012583, 1669774, 2756951, 4555183, 7533988, 12469301, 20655523, 34238310, 56795325, 94270949

Offset: 1

Christian G. Bower, Apr 15 1999

nonn

The trees are unordered (see A000081). For balanced ordered rooted trees see A079500. - Joerg Arndt, Jul 20 2014

The trees are unlabeled. For labeled version see A238372. - Alois P. Heinz, Dec 29 2014

			See Arndt link.
From _Gus Wiseman_, Oct 08 2018: (Start)
The a(1) = 1 through a(7) = 12 balanced rooted trees with n nodes:
  o  (o)  (oo)   (ooo)    (oooo)     (ooooo)      (oooooo)
          ((o))  ((oo))   ((ooo))    ((oooo))     ((ooooo))
                 (((o)))  (((oo)))   (((ooo)))    (((oooo)))
                          ((o)(o))   ((o)(oo))    ((o)(ooo))
                          ((((o))))  ((((oo))))   ((oo)(oo))
                                     (((o)(o)))   ((((ooo))))
                                     (((((o)))))  (((o)(oo)))
                                                  ((o)(o)(o))
                                                  (((((oo)))))
                                                  ((((o)(o))))
                                                  (((o))((o)))
                                                  ((((((o))))))
(End)

Vaclav Kotesovec, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..3500 (terms 1..300 from Alois P. Heinz)
Joerg Arndt, balanced unordered rooted trees for n = 1..10
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees

Cf. A048808-A048815.
Row sums of A244925.
Cf. A079500, A238372.
Cf. A000081, A000311, A001678, A120803, A320154, A320160, A316624, A320169.

T[n_, k_] := T[n, k] = If[n==1, 1, If[k==0, 0, Sum[Sum[If[dJean-François Alcover, Jan 08 2016, after Alois P. Heinz *)

A303431 Aperiodic tree numbers. Matula-Goebel numbers of aperiodic rooted trees.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 99, 101, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 120, 122

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Apr 23 2018

nonn

A positive integer is an aperiodic tree number iff either it is equal to 1 or it belongs to A007916 (numbers that are not perfect powers, or numbers whose prime multiplicities are relatively prime) and all of its prime indices are also aperiodic tree numbers, where a prime index of n is a number m such that prime(m) divides n.

			Sequence of aperiodic rooted trees begins:
01 o
02 (o)
03 ((o))
05 (((o)))
06 (o(o))
10 (o((o)))
11 ((((o))))
12 (oo(o))
13 ((o(o)))
15 ((o)((o)))
18 (o(o)(o))
20 (oo((o)))
22 (o(((o))))
24 (ooo(o))
26 (o(o(o)))
29 ((o((o))))
30 (o(o)((o)))
31 (((((o)))))
33 ((o)(((o))))

Cf. A000081, A000740, A000837, A007097, A007916, A052409, A052410, A061775, A111299, A214577, A275024, A276625, A290760, A290822, A291442, A298533, A298536, A301700, A302242, A303386.

zapQ[1]:=True;zapQ[n_]:=And[GCD@@FactorInteger[n][[All,2]]===1,And@@zapQ/@PrimePi/@FactorInteger[n][[All,1]]];
Select[Range[100],zapQ]

A080936 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of Dyck paths of semilength n and height k (1 <= k <= n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 7, 5, 1, 1, 15, 18, 7, 1, 1, 31, 57, 33, 9, 1, 1, 63, 169, 132, 52, 11, 1, 1, 127, 482, 484, 247, 75, 13, 1, 1, 255, 1341, 1684, 1053, 410, 102, 15, 1, 1, 511, 3669, 5661, 4199, 1975, 629, 133, 17, 1, 1, 1023, 9922, 18579, 16017, 8778, 3366, 912, 168, 19, 1

Offset: 1

Henry Bottomley, Feb 25 2003

Sum of entries in row n is A000108(n) (the Catalan numbers).
From Gus Wiseman, Nov 16 2022: (Start)
Also the number of unlabeled ordered rooted trees with n nodes and height k. For example, row n = 5 counts the following trees:
  (oooo)  ((o)oo)   (((o))o)  ((((o))))
          ((oo)o)   (((o)o))
          ((ooo))   (((oo)))
          (o(o)o)   ((o(o)))
          (o(oo))   (o((o)))
          (oo(o))
          ((o)(o))
(End)

			T(3,2)=3 because we have UUDDUD, UDUUDD, and UUDUDD, where U=(1,1) and D=(1,-1). The other two Dyck paths of semilength 3, UDUDUD and UUUDDD, have heights 1 and 3, respectively. - _Emeric Deutsch_, Jun 08 2011
Triangle starts:
  1;
  1,  1;
  1,  3,   1;
  1,  7,   5,   1;
  1, 15,  18,   7,  1;
  1, 31,  57,  33,  9,  1;
  1, 63, 169, 132, 52, 11, 1;

N. G. de Bruijn, D. E. Knuth, and S. O. Rice, The average height of planted plane trees, in: Graph Theory and Computing (ed. T. C. Read), Academic Press, New York, 1972, pp. 15-22.

Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 1..141, flattened
Tomás Aguilar-Fraga, Jennifer Elder, Rebecca E. Garcia, Kimberly P. Hadaway, Pamela E. Harris, Kimberly J. Harry, Imhotep B. Hogan, Jakeyl Johnson, Jan Kretschmann, Kobe Lawson-Chavanu, J. Carlos Martínez Mori, Casandra D. Monroe, Daniel Quiñonez, Dirk Tolson III, and Dwight Anderson Williams II, Interval and L-interval Rational Parking Functions, arXiv:2311.14055 [math.CO], 2023. See p. 11.
FindStat - Combinatorial Statistic Finder, The height of a Dyck path
FindStat - Combinatorial Statistic Finder, The height of a Dyck path., The depth of an ordered tree., The depth minus 1 of an ordered tree
Anthony Joseph and Polyxeni Lamprou, A new interpretation of Catalan numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.00406 [math.CO], 2015.
Germain Kreweras, Sur les éventails de segments, Cahiers du Bureau Universitaire de Recherche Opérationelle, Cahier no. 15, Paris, 1970, pp. 3-41.
Germain Kreweras, Sur les éventails de segments, Cahiers du Bureau Universitaire de Recherche Opérationnelle, Institut de Statistique, Université de Paris, #15 (1970), 3-41. [Annotated scanned copy]
Kevin Limanta, Hopein Christofen Tang, and Yozef Tjandra, Permutation-generated maps between Dyck paths, arXiv:2105.14439 [math.CO], 2021. Mentions this sequence.
Dimana Miroslavova Pramatarova, Investigating the Periodicity of Weighted Catalan Numbers and Generalizing Them to Higher Dimensions, MIT Res. Sci. Instit. (2025). See p. 13.
Thomas Tunstall, Tim Rogers, and Wolfram Möbius, Assisted percolation of slow-spreading mutants in heterogeneous environments, arXiv:2303.01579 [q-bio.PE], 2023.
Vince White, Enumeration of Lattice Paths with Restrictions, (2024). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2799. See pp. 19, 25.

Cf. A000108 (row sums), A079214, A080934, A080935, A259885, A259899, A289481.
Columns k=1-10 give: A000012, A000225(n-1), A258109, A262600, A289418, A289419, A289420, A289421, A289422, A289423.
T(2n,n) gives A268316.
Counting by leaves instead of height gives A001263.
The unordered version is A034781.
The height statistic is ranked by A358379, unordered A109082.
Cf. A000081, A005043, A032027, A284778.

f := proc (k) options operator, arrow:
   sum(binomial(k-i, i)*(-z)^i, i = 0 .. floor((1/2)*k))
end proc:
h := proc (k) options operator, arrow:
   z^k/(f(k)*f(k+1))
end proc:
T := proc (n, k) options operator, arrow:
   coeff(series(h(k), z = 0, 25), z, n)
end proc:
for n to 11 do seq(T(n, k), k = 1 .. n) end do; # yields sequence in triangular form Emeric Deutsch, Jun 08 2011
# second Maple program:
b:= proc(x, y, k) option remember; `if`(y>min(k, x) or y<0, 0,
      `if`(x=0, 1, b(x-1, y-1, k)+ b(x-1, y+1, k)))
    end:
T:= (n, k)-> b(2*n, 0, k) -`if`(k=0, 0, b(2*n, 0, k-1)):
seq(seq(T(n, k), k=1..n), n=1..14);  # Alois P. Heinz, Aug 06 2012

b[x_, y_, k_] := b[x, y, k] = If[y > Min[k, x] || y<0, 0, If[x == 0, 1, b[x-1, y-1, k] + b[x-1, y+1, k]]]; T[n_, k_] := b[2*n, 0, k] - If[k == 0, 0, b[2*n, 0, k-1] ]; Table[Table[T[n, k], {k, 1, n}], {n, 1, 14}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 26 2015, after Alois P. Heinz *)
aot[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Tuples[aot/@c],{c,Join@@Permutations/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]}]];
Table[Length[Select[aot[n],Depth[#]-2==k&]],{n,1,9},{k,1,n-1}] (* Gus Wiseman, Nov 16 2022 *)

T(n, k) = A080934(n, k) - A080934(n, k-1).
The g.f. for Dyck paths of height k is h(k) = z^k/(f(k)*f(k+1)), where f(k) are Fibonacci type polynomials defined by f(0)=f(1)=1, f(k)=f(k-1)-z*f(k-2) or by f(k) = Sum_{i=0..floor(k/2)} binomial(k-i,i)*(-z)^i. Incidentally, the g.f. for Dyck paths of height at most k is H(k) = f(k)/f(k+1). - Emeric Deutsch, Jun 08 2011
For all n >= 1 and floor((n+1)/2) <= k <= n we have: T(n,k) = 2*(2*k+3)*(2*k^2+6*k+1-3*n)*(2*n)!/((n-k)!*(n+k+3)!). - Gheorghe Coserea, Dec 06 2015
T(n, k) = Sum_{i=1..k-1} (-1)^(i+1) * (Sum_{j=1..n} (Sum_{x=0..n} (-1)^(j+x) * binomial(x+2n-2j+1,x))) * a(k-i); a(1)=1, a(0)=0. - Tim C. Flowers, May 14 2018

A300660 Number of unlabeled rooted phylogenetic trees with n (leaf-) nodes such that for each inner node all children are either leaves or roots of distinct subtrees.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 30, 72, 182, 467, 1222, 3245, 8722, 23663, 64758, 178459, 494922, 1380105, 3867414, 10884821, 30756410, 87215419, 248117618, 707952902, 2025479210, 5809424605, 16700811214, 48113496645, 138884979562, 401645917999, 1163530868090

Offset: 0

Alois P. Heinz, Jun 18 2018

From Gus Wiseman, Jul 31 2018 and Feb 06 2020: (Start)
a(n) is the number of lone-child-avoiding rooted identity trees whose leaves form an integer partition of n. For example, the following are the a(6) = 13 lone-child-avoiding rooted identity trees whose leaves form an integer partition of 6.
  6,
  (15),
  (24),
  (123), (1(23)), (2(13)), (3(12)),
  (1(14)),
  (1(1(13))),
  (12(12)), (1(2(12))), (2(1(12))),
  (1(1(1(12)))).
(End)

			:   a(3) = 2:        :   a(4) = 3:                      :
:      o       o     :        o         o        o      :
:     / \     /|\    :       / \       / \     /( )\    :
:    o   N   N N N   :      o   N     o   N   N N N N   :
:   ( )              :     / \       /|\                :
:   N N              :    o   N     N N N               :
:                    :   ( )                            :
:                    :   N N                            :
From _Gus Wiseman_, Feb 06 2020: (Start)
The a(2) = 1 through a(6) = 13 unlabeled rooted phylogenetic semi-identity trees:
  (oo) (ooo)     (oooo)         (ooooo)             (oooooo)
       ((o)(oo)) ((o)(ooo))     ((o)(oooo))         ((o)(ooooo))
                 ((o)((o)(oo))) ((oo)(ooo))         ((oo)(oooo))
                                ((o)((o)(ooo)))     ((o)(oo)(ooo))
                                ((oo)((o)(oo)))     (((o)(oo))(ooo))
                                ((o)((o)((o)(oo)))) ((o)((o)(oooo)))
                                                    ((o)((oo)(ooo)))
                                                    ((oo)((o)(ooo)))
                                                    ((o)(oo)((o)(oo)))
                                                    ((o)((o)((o)(ooo))))
                                                    ((o)((oo)((o)(oo))))
                                                    ((oo)((o)((o)(oo))))
                                                    ((o)((o)((o)((o)(oo)))))
(End)

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2079
Wikipedia, Phylogenetic tree
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting series-reduced and lone-child-avoiding trees by number of vertices.
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees

Cf. A000081, A004111, A141268, A289501, A301467.
Cf. A000669, A001678, A005804, A292504, A300660, A316653, A316654, A316656.
The locally disjoint case is A316694.
Cf. A276625, A306200, A319312, A331679, A331686, A331875.

b:= proc(n,i) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, `if`(i<1, 0,
      add(b(n-i*j, i-1)*binomial(a(i), j), j=0..n/i)))
    end:
a:= n-> `if`(n=0, 0, 1+b(n, n-1)):
seq(a(n), n=0..30);

b[0, ] = 1; b[, _?NonPositive] = 0;
b[n_, i_] := b[n, i] = Sum[b[n-i*j, i-1]*Binomial[a[i], j], {j, 0, n/i}];
a[0] = 0; a[n_] := a[n] = 1 + b[n, n-1];
Table[a[n], {n, 0, 31}] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 03 2019, from Maple *)
ursit[n_]:=Prepend[Join@@Table[Select[Union[Sort/@Tuples[ursit/@ptn]],UnsameQ@@#&],{ptn,Select[IntegerPartitions[n],Length[#]>1&]}],n];
Table[Length[ursit[n]],{n,10}] (* Gus Wiseman, Feb 06 2020 *)

a(n) ~ c * d^n / n^(3/2), where d = 3.045141208159736483720243229947630323380565686... and c = 0.2004129296838557718008171812000512670126... - Vaclav Kotesovec, Aug 27 2018

cp's OEIS Frontend

A291636 Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees.

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A298422 Number of rooted trees with n nodes in which all positive outdegrees are the same.

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A301700 Number of aperiodic rooted trees with n nodes.

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A001429 Number of n-node connected unicyclic graphs.

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A111299 Numbers whose Matula tree is a binary tree (i.e., root has degree 2 and all nodes except root and leaves have degree 3).

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A001372 Number of unlabeled mappings (or mapping patterns) from n points to themselves; number of unlabeled endofunctions.

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A048816 Number of rooted trees with n nodes with every leaf at the same height.