A111299 -id:A111299 - cp's OEIS frontend

A126120 Catalan numbers (A000108) interpolated with 0's.

1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 5, 0, 14, 0, 42, 0, 132, 0, 429, 0, 1430, 0, 4862, 0, 16796, 0, 58786, 0, 208012, 0, 742900, 0, 2674440, 0, 9694845, 0, 35357670, 0, 129644790, 0, 477638700, 0, 1767263190, 0, 6564120420, 0, 24466267020, 0, 91482563640, 0, 343059613650, 0

Offset: 0

Philippe Deléham, Mar 06 2007

Inverse binomial transform of A001006.
The Hankel transform of this sequence gives A000012 = [1,1,1,1,1,...].
Counts returning walks (excursions) of length n on a 1-d integer lattice with step set {+1,-1} which stay in the chamber x >= 0. - Andrew V. Sutherland, Feb 29 2008
Moment sequence of the trace of a random matrix in G=USp(2)=SU(2). If X=tr(A) is a random variable (A distributed according to the Haar measure on G) then a(n) = E[X^n]. - Andrew V. Sutherland, Feb 29 2008
Essentially the same as A097331. - R. J. Mathar, Jun 15 2008
Number of distinct proper binary trees with n nodes. - Chris R. Sims (chris.r.sims(AT)gmail.com), Jun 30 2010
-a(n-1), with a(-1):=0, n>=0, is the Z-sequence for the Riordan array A049310 (Chebyshev S). For the definition see that triangle. - Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 04 2011
See A180874 (also A238390 and A097610) and A263916 for relations to the general Bell A036040, cycle index A036039, and cumulant expansion polynomials A127671 through the Faber polynomials. - Tom Copeland, Jan 26 2016
A signed version is generated by evaluating polynomials in A126216 that are essentially the face polynomials of the associahedra. This entry's sequence is related to an inversion relation on p. 34 of Mizera, related to Feynman diagrams. - Tom Copeland, Dec 09 2019

			G.f. = 1 + x^2 + 2*x^4 + 5*x^6 + 14*x^8 + 42*x^10 + 132*x^12 + 429*x^14 + ...
From _Gus Wiseman_, Nov 14 2022: (Start)
The a(0) = 1 through a(8) = 14 ordered binary rooted trees with n + 1 nodes (ranked by A358375):
  o  .  (oo)  .  ((oo)o)  .  (((oo)o)o)  .  ((((oo)o)o)o)
                 (o(oo))     ((o(oo))o)     (((o(oo))o)o)
                             ((oo)(oo))     (((oo)(oo))o)
                             (o((oo)o))     (((oo)o)(oo))
                             (o(o(oo)))     ((o((oo)o))o)
                                            ((o(o(oo)))o)
                                            ((o(oo))(oo))
                                            ((oo)((oo)o))
                                            ((oo)(o(oo)))
                                            (o(((oo)o)o))
                                            (o((o(oo))o))
                                            (o((oo)(oo)))
                                            (o(o((oo)o)))
                                            (o(o(o(oo))))
(End)

Jerome Spanier and Keith B. Oldham, "Atlas of Functions", Ch. 49, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1987.

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
V. E. Adler, Set partitions and integrable hierarchies, arXiv:1510.02900 [nlin.SI], 2015.
Martin Aigner, Catalan and other numbers: a recurrent theme, in Algebraic Combinatorics and Computer Science, a Tribute to Gian-Carlo Rota, pp.347-390, Springer, 2001.
Andrei Asinowski, Cyril Banderier, and Valerie Roitner, Generating functions for lattice paths with several forbidden patterns, (2019).
C. Banderier, C. Krattenthaler, A. Krinik, D. Kruchinin, V. Kruchinin, D. Nguyen, and M. Wallner, Explicit formulas for enumeration of lattice paths: basketball and the kernel method, arXiv:1609.06473 [math.CO], 2016.
Radica Bojicic, Marko D. Petkovic and Paul Barry, Hankel transform of a sequence obtained by series reversion II-aerating transforms, arXiv:1112.1656 [math.CO], 2011.
Colin Defant, Troupes, Cumulants, and Stack-Sorting, arXiv:2004.11367 [math.CO], 2020.
Isaac DeJager, Madeleine Naquin, and Frank Seidl, Colored Motzkin Paths of Higher Order, VERUM 2019.
Francesc Fite, Kiran S. Kedlaya, Victor Rotger and Andrew V. Sutherland, Sato-Tate distributions and Galois endomorphism modules in genus 2, arXiv:1110.6638 [math.NT], 2011.
Aoife Hennessy, A Study of Riordan Arrays with Applications to Continued Fractions, Orthogonal Polynomials and Lattice Paths, Ph. D. Thesis, Waterford Institute of Technology, Oct. 2011.
Kiran S. Kedlaya and Andrew V. Sutherland, HyperellipticCurves, L-Polynomials, and Random Matrices. In: Arithmetic, Geometry, Cryptography, and Coding Theory: International Conference, November 5-9, 2007, CIRM, Marseilles, France. (Contemporary Mathematics; v.487)
S. Mizera, Combinatorics and Topology of Kawai-Lewellen-Tye Relations, arXiv:1706.08527 [hep-th], 2017.
Eric Rowland, Pattern avoidance in binary trees, J. Comb. Theory A 117 (6) (2010) 741-758, Sec. 3.1.
Yidong Sun and Fei Ma, Minors of a Class of Riordan Arrays Related to Weighted Partial Motzkin Paths, arXiv:1305.2015 [math.CO], 2013.
Paveł Szabłowski, Beta distributions whose moment sequences are related to integer sequences listed in the OEIS, Contrib. Disc. Math. (2024) Vol. 19, No. 4, 85-109. See p. 99.
Y. Wang and Z.-H. Zhang, Combinatorics of Generalized Motzkin Numbers, J. Int. Seq. 18 (2015) # 15.2.4.

Cf. A000108, A036039, A036040, A097610, A127671, A180874, A238390, A263916.
Cf. A126216.
The unordered version is A001190, ranked by A111299.
These trees (ordered binary rooted) are ranked by A358375.
Cf. A000081, A001263, A005043, A032027, A063895, A245824.

&cat [[Catalan(n), 0]: n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 28 2016

with(combstruct): grammar := { BB = Sequence(Prod(a,BB,b)), a = Atom, b = Atom }: seq(count([BB,grammar], size=n),n=0..47); # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 25 2007
BB := {E=Prod(Z,Z), S=Union(Epsilon,Prod(S,S,E))}: ZL:=[S,BB,unlabeled]: seq(count(ZL, size=n), n=0..45); # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2007
BB := [T,{T=Prod(Z,Z,Z,F,F), F=Sequence(B), B=Prod(F,Z,Z)}, unlabeled]: seq(count(BB, size=n+1), n=0..45); # valid for n> 0. # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2007
seq(n!*coeff(series(hypergeom([],[2],x^2),x,n+2),x,n),n=0..45); # Peter Luschny, Jan 31 2015
# Using function CompInv from A357588.
CompInv(48, n -> ifelse(irem(n, 2) = 0, 0, (-1)^iquo(n-1, 2))); # Peter Luschny, Oct 07 2022

a[n_?EvenQ] := CatalanNumber[n/2]; a[n_] = 0; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 45}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 10 2012 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 0, 0, n! SeriesCoefficient[ BesselI[ 1, 2 x] / x, {x, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Mar 19 2014 *)
bot[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Tuples[bot/@c],{c,Table[{k,n-k-1},{k,n-1}]}]];
Table[Length[bot[n]],{n,10}] (* Gus Wiseman, Nov 14 2022 *)
Riffle[CatalanNumber[Range[0,50]],0,{2,-1,2}] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 28 2024 *)

from math import comb
def A126120(n): return 0 if n&1 else comb(n,m:=n>>1)//(m+1) # Chai Wah Wu, Apr 22 2024

def A126120_list(n) :
    D = [0]*(n+2); D[1] = 1
    b = True; h = 2; R = []
    for i in range(2*n-1) :
        if b :
            for k in range(h,0,-1) : D[k] -= D[k-1]
            h += 1; R.append(abs(D[1]))
        else :
            for k in range(1,h, 1) : D[k] += D[k+1]
        b = not b
    return R
A126120_list(46) # Peter Luschny, Jun 03 2012

a(2*n) = A000108(n), a(2*n+1) = 0.
a(n) = A053121(n,0).
(1/Pi) Integral_{0 .. Pi} (2*cos(x))^n *2*sin^2(x) dx. - Andrew V. Sutherland, Feb 29 2008
G.f.: (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x^2)) / (2*x^2) = 1/(1-x^2/(1-x^2/(1-x^2/(1-x^2/(1-... (continued fraction). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 24 2009
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = 1 + x^2*A(x)^2. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Feb 18 2011
E.g.f.: I_1(2x)/x Where I_n(x) is the modified Bessel function. - Benjamin Phillabaum, Mar 07 2011
Apart from the first term the e.g.f. is given by x*HyperGeom([1/2],[3/2,2], x^2). - Benjamin Phillabaum, Mar 07 2011
a(n) = Integral_{x=-2..2} x^n*sqrt((2-x)*(2+x))/(2*Pi) dx. - Peter Luschny, Sep 11 2011
E.g.f.: E(0)/(1-x) where E(k) = 1-x/(1-x/(x-(k+1)*(k+2)/E(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Apr 05 2013
G.f.: 3/2- sqrt(1-4*x^2)/2 = 1/x^2 + R(0)/x^2, where R(k) = 2*k-1 - x^2*(2*k-1)*(2*k+1)/R(k+1); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Oct 28 2013 (warning: this is not the g.f. of this sequence, R. J. Mathar, Sep 23 2021)
G.f.: 1/Q(0), where Q(k) = 2*k+1 + x^2*(1-4*(k+1)^2)/Q(k+1); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jan 09 2014
a(n) = n!*[x^n]hypergeom([],[2],x^2). - Peter Luschny, Jan 31 2015
a(n) = 2^n*hypergeom([3/2,-n],[3],2). - Peter Luschny, Feb 03 2015
a(n) = ((-1)^n+1)*2^(2*floor(n/2)-1)*Gamma(floor(n/2)+1/2)/(sqrt(Pi)* Gamma(floor(n/2)+2)). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jul 23 2016
D-finite with recurrence (n+2)*a(n) +4*(-n+1)*a(n-2)=0. - R. J. Mathar, Mar 21 2021
From Peter Bala, Feb 03 2024: (Start)
a(n) = 2^n * Sum_{k = 0..n} (-2)^(-k)*binomial(n, k)*Catalan(k+1).
G.f.: 1/(1 + 2*x) * c(x/(1 + 2*x))^2 = 1/(1 - 2*x) * c(-x/(1 - 2*x))^2 = c(x^2), where c(x) = (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x))/(2*x) is the g.f. of the Catalan numbers A000108. (End)

An erroneous comment removed by Tom Copeland, Jul 23 2016

A291636 Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 8, 14, 16, 28, 32, 38, 49, 56, 64, 76, 86, 98, 106, 112, 128, 133, 152, 172, 196, 212, 214, 224, 256, 262, 266, 301, 304, 326, 343, 344, 361, 371, 392, 424, 428, 448, 454, 512, 524, 526, 532, 602, 608, 622, 652, 686, 688, 722, 742, 749, 766, 784, 817

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Aug 28 2017

nonn

We say that a rooted tree is lone-child-avoiding if no vertex has exactly one child.
The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree is the product of primes indexed by the Matula-Goebel numbers of its branches. This gives a bijective correspondence between positive integers and unlabeled rooted trees.
An alternative definition: n is in the sequence iff n is 1 or the product of two or more not necessarily distinct prime numbers whose prime indices already belong to the sequence. For example, 14 is in the sequence because 14 = prime(1) * prime(4) and 1 and 4 both already belong to the sequence.

			The sequence of all lone-child-avoiding rooted trees together with their Matula-Goebel numbers begins:
    1: o
    4: (oo)
    8: (ooo)
   14: (o(oo))
   16: (oooo)
   28: (oo(oo))
   32: (ooooo)
   38: (o(ooo))
   49: ((oo)(oo))
   56: (ooo(oo))
   64: (oooooo)
   76: (oo(ooo))
   86: (o(o(oo)))
   98: (o(oo)(oo))
  106: (o(oooo))
  112: (oooo(oo))
  128: (ooooooo)
  133: ((oo)(ooo))
  152: (ooo(ooo))
  172: (oo(o(oo)))

David Callan, A sign-reversing involution to count labeled lone-child-avoiding trees, arXiv:1406.7784 [math.CO], (30-June-2014).
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting series-reduced and lone-child-avoiding trees by number of vertices.
Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Goebel numbers

These trees are counted by A001678.
The case with more than two branches is A331490.
Unlabeled rooted trees are counted by A000081.
Topologically series-reduced rooted trees are counted by A001679.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are counted by A060356.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding unrooted trees are counted by A108919.
MG numbers of singleton-reduced rooted trees are A330943.
MG numbers of topologically series-reduced rooted trees are A331489.
Cf. A007097, A061775, A109082, A109129, A111299, A196050, A198518, A276625, A291441, A291442, A331488.

nn=2000;
primeMS[n_]:=If[n===1,{},Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]];
srQ[n_]:=Or[n===1,With[{m=primeMS[n]},And[Length[m]>1,And@@srQ/@m]]];
Select[Range[nn],srQ]

Updated with corrected terminology by Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020

A298422 Number of rooted trees with n nodes in which all positive outdegrees are the same.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 2, 6, 4, 9, 2, 20, 2, 26, 12, 53, 2, 120, 2, 223, 43, 454, 2, 1100, 11, 2182, 215, 4902, 2, 11446, 2, 24744, 1242, 56014, 58, 131258, 2, 293550, 7643, 676928, 2, 1582686, 2, 3627780, 49155, 8436382, 2, 19809464, 50, 46027323, 321202

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Jan 19 2018

nonn

Row sums of A298426.

			The a(9) = 6 trees: ((((((((o)))))))), (o(o(o(oo)))), (o((oo)(oo))), ((oo)(o(oo))), (ooo(oooo)), (oooooooo).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200

Cf. A000005, A000081, A000598, A001190, A001678, A003238, A004111, A008864, A032305, A067538, A111299, A124343, A143773, A289078, A289079, A295461, A298118, A298204, A298423, A298424, A298426.

srut[n_]:=srut[n]=If[n===1,{{}},Select[Join@@Function[c,Union[Sort/@Tuples[srut/@c]]]/@Select[IntegerPartitions[n-1],Function[ptn,And@@(Divisible[#-1,Length[ptn]]&/@ptn)]],SameQ@@Length/@Cases[#,{},{0,Infinity}]&]];
Table[srut[n]//Length,{n,20}]

a(n) = 2 <=> n in {A008864}. - Alois P. Heinz, Jan 20 2018

a(44)-a(52) from Alois P. Heinz, Jan 20 2018

A303431 Aperiodic tree numbers. Matula-Goebel numbers of aperiodic rooted trees.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 99, 101, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 120, 122

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Apr 23 2018

nonn

A positive integer is an aperiodic tree number iff either it is equal to 1 or it belongs to A007916 (numbers that are not perfect powers, or numbers whose prime multiplicities are relatively prime) and all of its prime indices are also aperiodic tree numbers, where a prime index of n is a number m such that prime(m) divides n.

			Sequence of aperiodic rooted trees begins:
01 o
02 (o)
03 ((o))
05 (((o)))
06 (o(o))
10 (o((o)))
11 ((((o))))
12 (oo(o))
13 ((o(o)))
15 ((o)((o)))
18 (o(o)(o))
20 (oo((o)))
22 (o(((o))))
24 (ooo(o))
26 (o(o(o)))
29 ((o((o))))
30 (o(o)((o)))
31 (((((o)))))
33 ((o)(((o))))

Cf. A000081, A000740, A000837, A007097, A007916, A052409, A052410, A061775, A111299, A214577, A275024, A276625, A290760, A290822, A291442, A298533, A298536, A301700, A302242, A303386.

zapQ[1]:=True;zapQ[n_]:=And[GCD@@FactorInteger[n][[All,2]]===1,And@@zapQ/@PrimePi/@FactorInteger[n][[All,1]]];
Select[Range[100],zapQ]

A040039 First differences of A033485; also A033485 with terms repeated.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7, 10, 10, 13, 13, 18, 18, 23, 23, 30, 30, 37, 37, 47, 47, 57, 57, 70, 70, 83, 83, 101, 101, 119, 119, 142, 142, 165, 165, 195, 195, 225, 225, 262, 262, 299, 299, 346, 346, 393, 393, 450, 450, 507, 507, 577, 577, 647, 647, 730, 730, 813, 813, 914, 914, 1015, 1015, 1134, 1134, 1253, 1253, 1395, 1395

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane and J. H. Conway

Apparently a(n) = number of partitions (p_1, p_2, ..., p_k) of n+1, with p_1 >= p_2 >= ... >= p_k, such that for each i, p_i > p_{i+1}+...+p_k. - John McKay (mac(AT)mathstat.concordia.ca), Mar 06 2009
Comment from John McKay confirmed in paper by Bessenrodt, Olsson, and Sellers. Such partitions are called "strongly decreasing" partitions in the paper, see the function s(n) therein.
Also the number of unlabeled binary rooted trees with 2*n + 3 nodes in which the two branches directly under any given non-leaf node are either equal or at least one of them is a leaf. - Gus Wiseman, Oct 08 2018
From Gus Wiseman, Apr 06 2021: (Start)
This sequence counts both of the following essentially equivalent things:
1. Sets of distinct positive integers with maximum n + 1 in which all adjacent elements have quotients < 1/2. For example, the a(0) = 1 through a(8) = 7 subsets are:
  {1}  {2}  {3}    {4}    {5}    {6}    {7}      {8}      {9}
            {1,3}  {1,4}  {1,5}  {1,6}  {1,7}    {1,8}    {1,9}
                          {2,5}  {2,6}  {2,7}    {2,8}    {2,9}
                                        {3,7}    {3,8}    {3,9}
                                        {1,3,7}  {1,3,8}  {4,9}
                                                          {1,3,9}
                                                          {1,4,9}
2. Sets of distinct positive integers with maximum n + 1 whose first differences are term-wise greater than their decapitation (remove the maximum). For example, the set q = {1,4,9} has first differences (3,5), which are greater than (1,4), so q is counted under a(8). On the other hand, r = {1,5,9} has first differences (4,4), which are not greater than (1,5), so r is not counted under a(8).
Also the number of partitions of n + 1 into powers of 2 covering an initial interval of powers of 2. For example, the a(0) = 1 through a(8) = 7 partitions are:
  1  11  21   211   221    2211    421      4211      4221
         111  1111  2111   21111   2221     22211     22221
                    11111  111111  22111    221111    42111
                                   211111   2111111   222111
                                   1111111  11111111  2211111
                                                      21111111
                                                      111111111
(End)

			From _Joerg Arndt_, Dec 17 2012: (Start)
The a(19-1)=30 strongly decreasing partitions of 19 are (in lexicographic order)
[ 1]    [ 10 5 3 1 ]
[ 2]    [ 10 5 4 ]
[ 3]    [ 10 6 2 1 ]
[ 4]    [ 10 6 3 ]
[ 5]    [ 10 7 2 ]
[ 6]    [ 10 8 1 ]
[ 7]    [ 10 9 ]
[ 8]    [ 11 5 2 1 ]
[ 9]    [ 11 5 3 ]
[10]    [ 11 6 2 ]
[11]    [ 11 7 1 ]
[12]    [ 11 8 ]
[13]    [ 12 4 2 1 ]
[14]    [ 12 4 3 ]
[15]    [ 12 5 2 ]
[16]    [ 12 6 1 ]
[17]    [ 12 7 ]
[18]    [ 13 4 2 ]
[19]    [ 13 5 1 ]
[20]    [ 13 6 ]
[21]    [ 14 3 2 ]
[22]    [ 14 4 1 ]
[23]    [ 14 5 ]
[24]    [ 15 3 1 ]
[25]    [ 15 4 ]
[26]    [ 16 2 1 ]
[27]    [ 16 3 ]
[28]    [ 17 2 ]
[29]    [ 18 1 ]
[30]    [ 19 ]
The a(20-1)=30 strongly decreasing partitions of 20 are obtained by adding 1 to the first part in each partition in the list.
(End)
From _Gus Wiseman_, Oct 08 2018: (Start)
The a(-1) = 1 through a(4) = 3 semichiral binary rooted trees:
  o  (oo)  (o(oo))  ((oo)(oo))  (o((oo)(oo)))  ((o(oo))(o(oo)))
                    (o(o(oo)))  (o(o(o(oo))))  (o(o((oo)(oo))))
                                               (o(o(o(o(oo)))))
(End)

Seiichi Manyama, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000 (terms 0..500 from Joerg Arndt)
Christine Bessenrodt, Jorn B. Olsson, and James A. Sellers, Unique path partitions: Characterization and Congruences, arXiv:1107.1156 [math.CO], 2011-2012.
J. Jordan and R. Southwell, Further Properties of Reproducing Graphs, Applied Mathematics, Vol. 1 No. 5, 2010, pp. 344-350. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Feb 03 2013

Cf. A000123.
Cf. A088567, A089054.
Cf. A001190, A003238, A111299, A292050, A317712, A320222, A320230, A320271.
The equal case is A001511.
The reflected version is A045690.
The unequal (anti-run) version is A045691.
A000929 counts partitions with all adjacent parts x >= 2y.
A002843 counts compositions with all adjacent parts x <= 2y.
A018819 counts partitions into powers of 2.
A154402 counts partitions with all adjacent parts x = 2y.
A274199 counts compositions with all adjacent parts x < 2y.
A342094 counts partitions with all adjacent parts x <= 2y (strict: A342095).
A342096 counts partitions without adjacent x >= 2y (strict: A342097).
A342098 counts partitions with all adjacent parts x > 2y.
A342337 counts partitions with all adjacent parts x = y or x = 2y.
Cf. A000009, A003114, A003242, A224957, A342191, A342330.

# For example, the five partitions of 4, written in nonincreasing order, are
# [1,1,1,1], [2,1,1], [2,2], [3,1], [4].
# Only the last two satisfy the condition, and a(3)=2.
# The Maple program below verifies this for small values of n.
with(combinat); N:=8; a:=array(1..N); c:=array(1..N);
for n from 1 to N do p:=partition(n); np:=nops(p); t:=0;
for s to np do r:=p[s]; r:=sort(r,`>`); nr:=nops(r); j:=1;
while jsum(r[k],k=j+1..nr) do j:=j+1;od; # gives A040039
#while j= sum(r[k],k=j+1..nr) do j:=j+1;od; # gives A018819
if j=nr then t:=t+1;fi od; a[n]:=t; od;
# John McKay

T[n_, m_] := T[n, m] = Sum[Binomial[n-2k-1, n-2k-m] Sum[Binomial[m, i] T[k, i], {i, 1, k}], {k, 0, (n-m)/2}] + Binomial[n-1, n-m];
a[n_] := T[n+1, 1];
Table[a[n], {n, 0, 80}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 27 2018, after Vladimir Kruchinin *)
Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Range[n]],MemberQ[#,n]&&And@@Table[#[[i-1]]/#[[i]]<1/2,{i,2,Length[#]}]&]],{n,15}] (* Gus Wiseman, Apr 06 2021 *)

T(n,m):=sum(binomial(n-2*k-1,n-2*k-m)*sum(binomial(m,i)*T(k,i),i,1,k),k,0,(n-m)/2)+binomial(n-1,n-m);
makelist(T(n+1,1),n,0,40); /* Vladimir Kruchinin, Mar 19 2015 */

/* compute as "A033485 with terms repeated" */
b(n) = if(n<2, 1, b(floor(n/2))+b(n-1));  /* A033485 */
a(n) = b(n\2+1); /* note different offsets */
for(n=0,99, print1(a(n),", ")); /* Joerg Arndt, Jan 21 2011 */

from itertools import islice
from collections import deque
def A040039_gen(): # generator of terms
    aqueue, f, b, a = deque([2]), True, 1, 2
    yield from (1, 1, 2, 2)
    while True:
        a += b
        yield from (a, a)
        aqueue.append(a)
        if f: b = aqueue.popleft()
        f = not f
A040039_list = list(islice(A040039_gen(),40)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 07 2022

Let T(x) be the g.f, then T(x) = 1 + x/(1-x)*T(x^2) = 1 + x/(1-x) * ( 1 + x^2/(1-x^2) * ( 1 + x^4/(1-x^4) * ( 1 + x^8/(1-x^8) *(...) ))). [Joerg Arndt, May 11 2010]
From Joerg Arndt, Oct 02 2013: (Start)
G.f.: sum(k>=1, x^(2^k-1) / prod(j=0..k-1, 1-x^(2^k) ) ) [Bessenrodt/Olsson/Sellers].
G.f.: 1/(2*x^2) * ( 1/prod(k>=0, 1 - x^(2^k) ) - (1 + x) ).
a(n) = 1/2 * A018819(n+2).
(End)
a(n) = T(n+1,1), where T(n,m)=sum(k..0,(n-m)/2, binomial(n-2*k-1,n-2*k-m)*sum(i=1..k, binomial(m,i)*T(k,i)))+binomial(n-1,n-m). - Vladimir Kruchinin, Mar 19 2015
Using offset 1: a(1) = 1; a(n even) = a(n-1); a(n odd) = a(n-1) + a((n-1)/2). - Gus Wiseman, Oct 08 2018

A063895 Start with x, xy; then concatenate each word in turn with all preceding words, getting x xy xxy xxxy xyxxy xxxxy xyxxxy xxyxxxy ...; sequence gives number of words of length n. Also binary trees by degree: x (x,y) (x,(x,y)) (x,(x,(x,y))) ((x,y),(x,(x,y)))...

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 43, 88, 179, 372, 774, 1631, 3448, 7347, 15713, 33791, 72923, 158021, 343495, 749102, 1638103, 3591724, 7893802, 17387931, 38379200, 84875596, 188036830, 417284181, 927469845, 2064465341, 4601670625, 10270463565, 22950838755

Offset: 1

Claude Lenormand (claude.lenormand(AT)free.fr), Aug 29 2001

Also binary rooted identity trees (those with no symmetries, cf. A004111).
From Gus Wiseman, May 04 2021: (Start)
Also the number of unlabeled binary rooted semi-identity trees with 2*n - 1 nodes. In a semi-identity tree, only the non-leaf branches directly under any given vertex are required to be distinct. Alternatively, an unlabeled rooted tree is a semi-identity tree iff the non-leaf branches of the root are all distinct and are themselves semi-identity trees. For example, the a(3) = 1 through a(6) = 6 trees are:
  (o(oo))  (o(o(oo)))  ((oo)(o(oo)))  ((oo)(o(o(oo))))  ((o(oo))(o(o(oo))))
                       (o(o(o(oo))))  (o((oo)(o(oo))))  ((oo)((oo)(o(oo))))
                                      (o(o(o(o(oo)))))  ((oo)(o(o(o(oo)))))
                                                        (o((oo)(o(o(oo)))))
                                                        (o(o((oo)(o(oo)))))
                                                        (o(o(o(o(o(oo))))))
The a(8) = 11 trees with 15 nodes:
  ((o(oo))((oo)(o(oo))))
  ((o(oo))(o(o(o(oo)))))
  ((oo)((oo)(o(o(oo)))))
  ((oo)(o((oo)(o(oo)))))
  ((oo)(o(o(o(o(oo))))))
  (o((o(oo))(o(o(oo)))))
  (o((oo)((oo)(o(oo)))))
  (o((oo)(o(o(o(oo))))))
  (o(o((oo)(o(o(oo))))))
  (o(o(o((oo)(o(oo))))))
  (o(o(o(o(o(o(oo)))))))
(End)

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees

Cf. A063894, A036774.
The non-semi-identity version is 2*A001190(n)-1, ranked by A111299.
Semi-binary trees are also counted by A001190, but ranked by A292050.
The not necessarily binary version is A306200, ranked A306202.
The Matula-Goebel numbers of these trees are A339193.
The plane tree version is A343663.
A000081 counts unlabeled rooted trees with n nodes.
A004111 counts identity trees, ranked by A276625.
A306201 counts balanced semi-identity trees, ranked by A306203.
A331966 counts lone-child avoiding semi-identity trees, ranked by A331965.
Cf. A001678, A331934, A331963, A331964.

a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<3, n*(3-n)/2, add(a(i)*a(n-i),
      i=1..(n-1)/2)+`if`(irem(n, 2, 'r')=0, (p->(p-1)*p/2)(a(r)), 0))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=1..50);  # Alois P. Heinz, Aug 02 2013

a[n_] := a[n] = If[n<3, n*(3-n)/2, Sum[a[i]*a[n-i], {i, 1, (n-1)/2}]+If[{q, r} = QuotientRemainder[n, 2]; r == 0, (a[q]-1)*a[q]/2, 0]]; Table[a[n], {n, 1, 36}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 25 2014, after Alois P. Heinz *)
ursiq[n_]:=Join@@Table[Select[Union[Sort/@Tuples[ursiq/@ptn]],#=={}||#=={{},{}}||Length[#]==2&&(UnsameQ@@DeleteCases[#,{}])&],{ptn,IntegerPartitions[n-1]}];Table[Length[ursiq[n]],{n,1,15,2}] (* Gus Wiseman, May 04 2021 *)

{a(n)=local(A, m); if(n<1, 0, m=1; A=O(x); while( m<=n, m*=2; A=1-sqrt(1-2*x-2*x^2+subst(A, x, x^2))); polcoeff(A, n))}

a(n) = (sum a(i)*a(j), i+j=n, i2. a(1)=a(2)=1.
G.f. A(x) = 1-sqrt(1-2x-2x^2+A(x^2)) satisfies x+x^2-A(x)+(A(x)^2-A(x^2))/2=0, A(0)=0. - Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003
a(n) ~ c * d^n / n^(3/2), where d = 2.33141659246516873904600076533362924695..., c = 0.2873051160895040470174351963... . - Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 11 2014

Additional comments and g.f. from Christian G. Bower, Nov 29 2001

A292050 Matula-Goebel numbers of semi-binary rooted trees.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 43, 46, 47, 49, 51, 55, 58, 59, 62, 65, 69, 73, 77, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 97, 101, 109, 115, 118, 119, 121, 123, 127, 129, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Sep 08 2017

nonn

An unlabeled rooted tree is semi-binary if all out-degrees are <= 2. The number of semi-binary trees with n nodes is equal to the number of binary trees with n+1 leaves; see A001190.

Cf. A000081, A001190, A007097, A036656, A061773, A111299, A214577, A291636.

nn=200;
primeMS[n_]:=If[n===1,{},Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]];
semibinQ[n_]:=Or[n===1,With[{m=primeMS[n]},And[Length[m]<=2,And@@semibinQ/@m]]];
Select[Range[nn],semibinQ]

A317710 Uniform tree numbers. Matula-Goebel numbers of uniform rooted trees.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Aug 05 2018

nonn

A positive integer n is a uniform tree number iff either n = 1 or n is a power of a squarefree number whose prime indices are also uniform tree numbers. A prime index of n is a number m such that prime(m) divides n.

A. David Christopher and M. Davamani Christober, Relatively Prime Uniform Partitions, Gen. Math. Notes, Vol. 13, No. 2, December, 2012, pp.1-12.

Cf. A061775, A072774, A111299, A214577, A276625, A277098, A303431, A317589.

Cf. A317705, A317707, A317708, A317709, A317711 (complement), A317712, A317717, A317718.

rupQ[n_]:=Or[n==1,And[SameQ@@FactorInteger[n][[All,2]],And@@rupQ/@PrimePi/@FactorInteger[n][[All,1]]]];
Select[Range[100],rupQ]

A317705 Matula-Goebel numbers of series-reduced powerful rooted trees.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 49, 64, 128, 196, 256, 343, 361, 392, 512, 784, 1024, 1372, 1444, 1568, 2048, 2401, 2744, 2809, 2888, 3136, 4096, 5488, 5776, 6272, 6859, 8192, 9604, 10976, 11236, 11552, 12544, 16384, 16807, 17161, 17689, 19208, 21952, 22472, 23104, 25088

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Aug 04 2018

nonn

A positive integer n is a Matula-Goebel number of a series-reduced powerful rooted tree iff either n = 1 or n is a powerful number (meaning its prime multiplicities are all greater than 1) whose prime indices are all Matula-Goebel numbers of series-reduced powerful rooted trees, where a prime index of n is a number m such that prime(m) divides n.

			The sequence of Matula-Goebel numbers of series-reduced powerful rooted trees together with the corresponding trees begins:
    1: o
    4: (oo)
    8: (ooo)
   16: (oooo)
   32: (ooooo)
   49: ((oo)(oo))
   64: (oooooo)
  128: (ooooooo)
  196: (oo(oo)(oo))
  256: (oooooooo)
  343: ((oo)(oo)(oo))
  361: ((ooo)(ooo))
  392: (ooo(oo)(oo))
  512: (ooooooooo)
  784: (oooo(oo)(oo))

Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Göbel numbers

Cf. A000081, A001694, A061775, A111299, A214577, A276625, A277098, A303431.

Cf. A317102, A317707, A317708, A317709, A317710, A317711, A317712, A317717, A317718, A317719.

powgoQ[n_]:=Or[n==1,And[Min@@FactorInteger[n][[All,2]]>1,And@@powgoQ/@PrimePi/@FactorInteger[n][[All,1]]]];
Select[Range[1000],powgoQ] (* Gus Wiseman, Aug 31 2018 *)
(* Second program: *)
Nest[Function[a, Append[a, Block[{k = a[[-1]] + 1}, While[Nand[AllTrue[#[[All, -1]], # > 1 & ], AllTrue[PrimePi[#[[All, 1]] ], MemberQ[a, #] &]] &@ FactorInteger@ k, k++]; k]]], {1}, 44] (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 05 2018 *)

Rewritten by Gus Wiseman, Aug 31 2018

cp's OEIS Frontend

A126120 Catalan numbers (A000108) interpolated with 0's.

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A291636 Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees.

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A298422 Number of rooted trees with n nodes in which all positive outdegrees are the same.

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A303431 Aperiodic tree numbers. Matula-Goebel numbers of aperiodic rooted trees.

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A040039 First differences of A033485; also A033485 with terms repeated.

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A063895 Start with x, xy; then concatenate each word in turn with all preceding words, getting x xy xxy xxxy xyxxy xxxxy xyxxxy xxyxxxy ...; sequence gives number of words of length n. Also binary trees by degree: x (x,y) (x,(x,y)) (x,(x,(x,y))) ((x,y),(x,(x,y)))...

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A292050 Matula-Goebel numbers of semi-binary rooted trees.

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