cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

Showing 1-9 of 9 results.

A098007 Length of aliquot sequence for n, or -1 if aliquot sequence never cycles.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 8, 3, 6, 6, 7, 3, 5, 3, 8, 4, 7, 3, 6, 2, 8, 4, 1, 3, 16, 3, 4, 7, 9, 4, 5, 3, 8, 4, 5, 3, 15, 3, 6, 8, 9, 3, 7, 5, 4, 5, 10, 3, 14, 4, 6, 4, 5, 3, 12, 3, 10, 4, 5, 4, 13, 3, 6, 5, 7, 3, 10, 3, 6, 6, 6, 4, 12, 3, 8, 6, 7, 3, 7, 4, 10, 8, 8, 3, 11, 5, 7, 5, 5, 3, 10, 3, 4, 5, 6
Offset: 1

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 09 2004

Keywords

Comments

The aliquot sequence for n is the trajectory of n under repeated application of the map x -> sigma(x) - x (= A001065).
The trajectory will either have a transient part followed by a cyclic part, or will have an infinite transient part and never cycle. It seems possible that this be the case for 276, i.e., a(276) = -1.
Sequence gives number of distinct terms in the trajectory = (length of transient part of trajectory) + (length of cycle (which is 1 if the trajectory reached 0)), or -1 if the sequence never cycles.
Concerning one of the previously unsolved cases, Robert G. Wilson v reports that 840 reaches 0 after 749 iterations. - Sep 10 2004
Up to 1000 there are 12 numbers whose fate is currently unknown, namely five well-known hard cases: 276, 552, 564, 660, 966 and seven others: 306, 396 and 696, all on same trajectory as 276; 780, on same trajectory as 564; 828, on same trajectory as 660; 888, on same trajectory as 552; 996, on same trajectory as 660. - T. D. Noe, Jun 06 2006
The sum-of-divisors function sigma (A000203) and thus aliquot parts A001065 are defined only on the positive integers, so the trajectory ends when 0 is reached. Some authors define A001065 to be the sum of the positive numbers less than n that divide n, in which case one would have A001065(0) = 0. - M. F. Hasler, Nov 16 2013

Examples

			Examples of trajectories:
  1, 0.
  2, 1, 0.
  3, 1, 0. (and similarly for any prime)
  4, 3, 1, 0.
  5, 1, 0.
  6, 6, 6, ... (and similarly for any perfect number)
  8, 7, 1, 0.
  9, 4, 3, 1, 0.
  12, 16, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0.
  14, 10, 8, 7, 1, 0.
  25, 6, 6, 6, ...
  28, 28, 28, ... (the next perfect number)
  30, 42, 54, 66, 78, 90, 144, 259, 45, 33, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0.
  42, 54, 66, 78, 90, 144, 259, 45, 33, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0.
		

References

  • K. Chum, R. K. Guy, M. J. Jacobson, Jr., and A. S. Mosunov, Numerical and statistical analysis of aliquot sequences. Exper. Math. 29 (2020), no. 4, 414-425; arXiv:2110.14136, Oct. 2021 [math.NT].
  • J.-P. Delahaye, Les inattendus mathématiques, Chapter 19, "Nombres amiables et suites aliquotes", pp. 217-229, Belin-Pour la Science, Paris 2004.
  • G. Everest, A. van der Poorten, I. Shparlinski and T. Ward, Recurrence Sequences, Amer. Math. Soc., 2003; see esp. p. 255.
  • R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, B6.
  • R. K. Guy and J. L. Selfridge, Interim report on aliquot series, pp. 557-580 of Proceedings Manitoba Conference on Numerical Mathematics. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Oct 1971.
  • Carl Pomerance, The aliquot constant, after Bosma and Kane, Q. J. Math. 69 (2018), no. 3, 915-930.

Crossrefs

Cf. A001065.
There are many related sequences:
Length of transient part + length of cycle: this sequence. Other versions of the current sequence: A044050, A003023.
Length of transient part: A098008, also A007906. Records for transients: A098009, A098010.
Numbers which eventually reach 1 (or equivalently 0): A080907.
Aliquot trajectories for certain interesting starting values: A008885 (for 30), A008886 A008887 A008888 A008889 A008890 A008891 A008892 (for 276), A014360 A014361 A074907 A014362 A045477 A014363 A014364 A014365 A074906, A171103.
For n < 220, A098008 = A098007 - 1, i.e., 220 is the first sociable number. - Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 10 2004

Programs

  • Maple
    f:=proc(n) local t1, i,j,k; t1:=[n]; for i from 2 to 50 do j:= t1[i-1]; k:=sigma(j)-j; t1:=[op(t1), k]; od: t1; end; # produces trajectory for n
    # 2nd implementation:
    A098007 := proc(n)
        local trac, x;
        x := n ;
        trac := [x] ;
        while true do
            x := numtheory[sigma](x)-trac[-1] ;
            if x = 0 then
                return 1+nops(trac) ;
            elif x in trac then
                return nops(trac) ;
            end if;
            trac := [op(trac), x] ;
        end do:
    end proc:
    seq(A098007(n), n=1..100) ; # R. J. Mathar, Oct 08 2017
  • Mathematica
    g[n_] := If[n > 0, DivisorSigma[1, n] - n, 0]; f[n_] := NestWhileList[g, n, UnsameQ, All]; Table[ Length[ f[n]] - 1, {n, 100}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 10 2004 *)
  • PARI
    apply( {A098007(n, t=0)=until(bittest(t,if(n,n=sigma(n)-n)),t+=1<M. F. Hasler, Feb 24 2018, improved Aug 14 2022 thanks to a remark from Jianing Song
    
  • Python
    from sympy import divisor_sigma as sigma
    def a(n, limit=float('inf')):
        alst = []; seen = set(); i = n; c = 0
        while i and i not in seen and c < limit:
            alst.append(i); seen.add(i); i = sigma(i) - i; c += 1
        return "NA" if c == limit else len(set(alst + [i]))
    print([a(n) for n in range(1, 101)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Jul 11 2021
  • Scheme
    (define (A098007 n) (let loop ((visited (list n)) (i 1)) (let ((next (A001065 (car visited)))) (cond ((zero? next) (+ 1 i)) ((member next visited) i) (else (loop (cons next visited) (+ 1 i)))))))
    (define (A001065 n) (- (A000203 n) n)) ;; For an implementation of A000203, see under that entry.
    ;; Antti Karttunen, Nov 01 2017
    

Extensions

More terms from Robert G. Wilson v and John W. Layman, Sep 10 2004

A098008 Length of transient part of aliquot sequence for n, or -1 if transient part is infinite.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 2, 7, 2, 5, 5, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 3, 6, 2, 5, 1, 7, 3, 0, 2, 15, 2, 3, 6, 8, 3, 4, 2, 7, 3, 4, 2, 14, 2, 5, 7, 8, 2, 6, 4, 3, 4, 9, 2, 13, 3, 5, 3, 4, 2, 11, 2, 9, 3, 4, 3, 12, 2, 5, 4, 6, 2, 9, 2, 5, 5, 5, 3, 11, 2, 7, 5, 6, 2, 6, 3, 9, 7, 7, 2, 10, 4, 6, 4, 4, 2, 9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 18
Offset: 1

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 09 2004

Keywords

Comments

See A098007 for further information.
a(n) = 0 if and only if n is perfect (A000396) or part of a cycle of length greater than 1. - Comment corrected by Antti Karttunen, Nov 02 2017.
It is believed that the first time a(n) = -1 is at n = 276 (see A008892). - N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 02 2017

Examples

			From _Antti Karttunen_, Nov 02 2017: (Start)
For n = 3, a(n) = 2, because A001065(3) = 1 and A001065(1) = 0, so it took two steps to end in zero.
For n = 25, a(n) = 1, because A001065(25) = 6, and A001065(6) = 6, so it took one step to enter into a cycle.
For n = 12496, a(n) = 0, because 12496 is a member of 5-cycle of map n -> A001065(n) (see A072891).
(End)
		

References

  • R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, B6.
  • R. K. Guy and J. L. Selfridge, Interim report on aliquot series, pp. 557-580 of Proceedings Manitoba Conference on Numerical Mathematics. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Oct 1971.

Crossrefs

Cf. A001065, A098007, A044050, A003023, A008892. See A007906 for another version.
Cf. A206708 (gives a proper subset of zeros).

Programs

  • Mathematica
    g[n_] := If[n > 0, DivisorSigma[1, n] - n, 0]; f[n_] := NestWhileList[g, n, UnsameQ, All]; Table[ Length[ f[n]] - 2, {n, 102}] (* good only for n<220 *) (* Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 10 2004 *)
  • Scheme
    (define (A098008 n) (let loop ((visited (list n)) (i 1)) (let ((next (A001065 (car visited)))) (cond ((zero? next) i) ((member next visited) => (lambda (transientplus1) (- (length transientplus1) 1))) (else (loop (cons next visited) (+ 1 i))))))) ;; Good for at least n = 1..275.
    (define (A001065 n) (- (A000203 n) n)) ;; For an implementation of A000203, see under that entry.
    ;; Antti Karttunen, Nov 02 2017

Extensions

More terms from Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 10 2004

A115350 Termination of the aliquot sequence starting at n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 3, 7, 11, 3, 13, 7, 3, 3, 17, 11, 19, 7, 11, 7, 23, 17, 6, 3, 13, 28, 29, 3, 31, 31, 3, 7, 13, 17, 37, 7, 17, 43, 41, 3, 43, 43, 3, 3, 47, 41, 7, 43, 11, 3, 53, 3, 17, 41, 23, 31, 59, 43, 61, 7, 41, 41, 19, 3, 67, 31, 13, 43, 71, 3, 73, 43, 7, 41, 19, 3, 79, 41, 43, 43
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Sergio Pimentel, Mar 07 2006

Keywords

Comments

Catalan's conjecture [not yet established and probably false] is that every aliquot sequence terminates in a prime number followed by 1, a perfect number, a friendly pair or an aliquot cycle.
a(n) = the prime number if the sequence terminates in a prime followed by 1, a(n) = a perfect number if the sequence terminates in a perfect number, a(n) = the smallest number of the cycle if the sequence terminates in an aliquot cycle, a(n) = 0 if the sequence is open ended. So far 276 is the smallest number for which the termination of the aliquot sequence is not known.

Examples

			a(12)=3 since the aliquot sequence starting at 12 is: 12 - 16 - 15 - 9 - 4 - 3.
a(95)=6 since the aliquot sequence starting at 95 is: 95 - 25 - 6 - 6 ...
		

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Mathematica
    a[n_] := If[n == 1, 1, FixedPointList[If[# > 0, DivisorSigma[1, #] - #, 0]&, n] /. {k__, 1, 0, 0} :> {k} // Last];
    Array[a, 100] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 28 2020 *)

Extensions

Edited by N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 14 2006
a(61)-a(80) from R. J. Mathar's list by Robert Price, Mar 16 2019

A115060 Maximum peak of aliquot sequence starting at n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 19, 22, 21, 22, 23, 55, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 259, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 55, 37, 38, 39, 50, 41, 259, 43, 50, 45, 46, 47, 76, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 259, 55, 64, 57, 58, 59, 172, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 259
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Sergio Pimentel, Mar 06 2006

Keywords

Comments

According to Catalan's conjecture all aliquot sequences end in a prime followed by 1, a perfect number, a friendly pair or an aliquot cycle. Some sequences seem to be open ended and keep growing forever i.e. 276. Most sequences only go down (i.e. 10 - 8 - 7 - 1), so for most cases in this sequence, a(n) = n. The first number to achieve a significantly high peak is 138

Examples

			a(24)=55 because the aliquot sequence starting at 24 is: 24 - 36 - 55 - 17 - 1 so the maximum peak of this sequence is 55.
		

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Python
    from sympy import divisor_sigma as sigma
    def aliquot(n):
        alst = []; seen = set(); i = n
        while i and i not in seen: alst.append(i); seen.add(i); i = sigma(i) - i
        return alst
    def aupton(terms): return [max(aliquot(n)) for n in range(1, terms+1)]
    print(aupton(66)) # Michael S. Branicky, Jul 11 2021

Extensions

More terms from Jinyuan Wang, Jul 11 2021

A127163 Integers whose aliquot sequences terminate by encountering the prime 3. Also known as the prime family 3.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 4, 9, 12, 15, 16, 26, 30, 33, 42, 45, 46, 52, 54, 66, 72, 78, 86, 87, 90, 102, 105, 114, 121, 123, 126, 135, 144, 165, 166, 174, 186, 198, 207, 212, 243, 246, 247, 249, 258, 259, 270
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Ant King, Jan 07 2007

Keywords

Comments

This sequence is complete only as far as the last term given, for the eventual fate of the aliquot sequence generated by 276 is not (yet) known

Examples

			a(5)=15 because the fifth integer whose aliquot sequence terminates by encountering the prime 3 as a member of its trajectory is 15. The complete aliquot sequence generated by iterating the proper divisors of 15 is 15->9->4->3->1->0
		

References

  • Benito, Manuel; Creyaufmueller, Wolfgang; Varona, Juan Luis; and Zimmermann, Paul; Aliquot Sequence 3630 Ends After Reaching 100 Digits; Experimental Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 2, Natick, MA, 2002, pp. 201-206.

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Mathematica
    s[n_] := DivisorSigma[1, n] - n; g[n_] := If[n > 0, s[n], 0]; Trajectory[n_] := Most[NestWhileList[g, n, UnsameQ, All]]; Select[Range[275], MemberQ[Trajectory[ # ], 3] &]

Formula

Define s(i)=sigma(i)-i=A000203(i)-i. Then if the aliquot sequence obtained by repeatedly applying the mapping i->s(i) terminates by encountering the prime 3 as a member of its trajectory, i is included in this sequence

A127164 Integers whose aliquot sequences terminate by encountering the prime 7. Also known as the prime family 7.

Original entry on oeis.org

7, 8, 10, 14, 20, 22, 34, 38, 49, 62, 75, 118, 148, 152, 169, 188, 213, 215
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Ant King, Jan 07 2007

Keywords

Comments

This sequence is complete only as far as the last term given, for the eventual fate of the aliquot sequence generated by 276 is not (yet) known.

Examples

			a(5)=20 because the fifth integer whose aliquot sequence terminates by encountering the prime 7 as a member of its trajectory is 20. The complete aliquot sequence generated by iterating the proper divisors of 15 is 20->22->14->10->8->7->1->0
		

References

  • Benito, Manuel; Creyaufmueller, Wolfgang; Varona, Juan Luis; and Zimmermann, Paul; Aliquot Sequence 3630 Ends After Reaching 100 Digits; Experimental Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 2, Natick, MA, 2002, pp. 201-206.

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Mathematica
    s[n_] := DivisorSigma[1, n] - n; g[n_] := If[n > 0, s[n], 0]; Trajectory[n_] := Most[NestWhileList[g, n, UnsameQ, All]]; Select[Range[275], MemberQ[Trajectory[ # ], 7] &]

Formula

Define s(i)=sigma(i)-i=A000203(i)-i. Then if the aliquot sequence obtained by repeatedly applying the mapping i->s(i) terminates by encountering the prime 7 as a member of its trajectory, i is included in this sequence.

A127161 Integers whose aliquot sequences terminate by encountering a prime number.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Ant King, Jan 06 2007

Keywords

Comments

This sequence is the same as A080907 from A080907's second term onwards.

Examples

			a(10)=12 because the tenth integer whose aliquot sequence terminates by encountering a prime as a member of its trajectory is 12. The complete aliquot sequence generated by iterating the proper divisors of 12 is 12->16->15->9->4->3->1->0
		

References

  • Benito, Manuel; Creyaufmueller, Wolfgang; Varona, Juan Luis; and Zimmermann, Paul; Aliquot Sequence 3630 Ends After Reaching 100 Digits; Experimental Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 2, Natick, MA, 2002, pp. 201-206.

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Mathematica
    s[n_] := DivisorSigma[1, n] - n; g[n_] := If[n > 0, s[n], 0]; Trajectory[n_] := Most[NestWhileList[g, n, UnsameQ, All]]; Select[Range[2, 275], Last[Trajectory[ # ]] == 0 &]

Formula

Define s(i)=sigma(i)-i=A000203(i)-i. Then if the aliquot sequence obtained by repeatedly iterating s contains a prime as a member of its trajectory, i is included in this sequence

A127162 Composite numbers whose aliquot sequences terminate by encountering a prime number.

Original entry on oeis.org

4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Ant King, Jan 06 2007

Keywords

Examples

			a(5)=12 because the fifth composite number whose aliquot sequence terminates by encountering a prime as a member of its trajectory is 12. The complete aliquot sequence generated by iterating the proper divisors of 12 is 12->16->15->9->4->3->1->0
		

References

  • Benito, Manuel; Creyaufmueller, Wolfgang; Varona, Juan Luis; and Zimmermann, Paul; Aliquot Sequence 3630 Ends After Reaching 100 Digits; Experimental Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 2, Natick, MA, 2002, pp. 201-206.

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Mathematica
    s[n_] := DivisorSigma[1, n] - n; g[n_] := If[n > 0, s[n], 0]; Trajectory[n_] := Most[NestWhileList[g, n, UnsameQ, All]]; Select[Range[2, 275], ! PrimeQ[ # ] && Last[Trajectory[ # ]] == 0 &]

Formula

Define s(i)=sigma(i)-i=A000203(i)-i. Then if i is composite and the aliquot sequence obtained by repeatedly applying the mapping i->s(i) contains a prime as a member of its trajectory, i is included in this sequence.

A347769 a(0) = 0; a(1) = 1; for n > 1, a(n) = A001065(a(n-1)) = sigma(a(n-1)) - a(n-1) (the sum of aliquot parts of a(n-1)) if this is not yet in the sequence; otherwise a(n) is the smallest number missing from the sequence.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 15, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 36, 55, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 42, 54, 66, 78, 90, 144, 259, 45, 33, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 43, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 76, 64, 63, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 108, 172
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Eric Chen, Sep 13 2021

Keywords

Comments

This sequence is a permutation of the nonnegative integers iff Catalan's aliquot sequence conjecture (also called Catalan-Dickson conjecture) is true.
a(563) = 276 is the smallest number whose aliquot sequence has not yet been fully determined.
As long as the aliquot sequence of 276 is not known to be finite or eventually periodic, a(563+k) = A008892(k).

Examples

			a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1;
since A001065(a(1)) = 0 has already appeared in this sequence, a(2) = 2;
since A001065(a(2)) = 1 has already appeared in this sequence, a(3) = 3;
...
a(11) = 11;
since A001065(a(11)) = 1 has already appeared in this sequence, a(12) = 12;
since A001065(a(12)) = 16 has not yet appeared in this sequence, a(13) = A001065(a(12)) = 16;
since A001065(a(13)) = 15 has not yet appeared in this sequence, a(14) = A001065(a(13)) = 15;
since A001065(a(14)) = 9 has already appeared in this sequence, a(15) = 13;
...
		

Crossrefs

Cf. A032451.
Cf. A001065 (sum of aliquot parts).
Cf. A003023, A044050, A098007, A098008: ("length" of aliquot sequences, four versions).
Cf. A007906.
Cf. A115060 (maximum term of aliquot sequences).
Cf. A115350 (termination of the aliquot sequences).
Cf. A098009, A098010 (records of "length" of aliquot sequences).
Cf. A290141, A290142 (records of maximum term of aliquot sequences).
Aliquot sequences starting at various numbers: A000004 (0), A000007 (1), A033322 (2), A010722 (6), A143090 (12), A143645 (24), A010867 (28), A008885 (30), A143721 (38), A008886 (42), A143722 (48), A143723 (52), A008887 (60), A143733 (62), A143737 (68), A143741 (72), A143754 (75), A143755 (80), A143756 (81), A143757 (82), A143758 (84), A143759 (86), A143767 (87), A143846 (88), A143847 (96), A143919 (100), A008888 (138), A008889 (150), A008890 (168), A008891 (180), A203777 (220), A008892 (276), A014360 (552), A014361 (564), A074907 (570), A014362 (660), A269542 (702), A045477 (840), A014363 (966), A014364 (1074), A014365 (1134), A074906 (1521), A143930 (3630), A072891 (12496), A072890 (14316), A171103 (46758), A072892 (1264460).

Programs

  • PARI
    A347769_list(N)=print1(0, ", "); if(N>0, print1(1, ", ")); v=[0, 1]; b=1; for(n=2, N, if(setsearch(Set(v), sigma(b)-b), k=1; while(k<=n, if(!setsearch(Set(v), k), b=k; k=n+1, k++)), b=sigma(b)-b); print1(b, ", "); v=concat(v, b))
Showing 1-9 of 9 results.