A019692 Decimal expansion of 2*Pi.

6, 2, 8, 3, 1, 8, 5, 3, 0, 7, 1, 7, 9, 5, 8, 6, 4, 7, 6, 9, 2, 5, 2, 8, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 9, 0, 0, 5, 7, 6, 8, 3, 9, 4, 3, 3, 8, 7, 9, 8, 7, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1, 6, 4, 1, 9, 4, 9, 8, 8, 9, 1, 8, 4, 6, 1, 5, 6, 3, 2, 8, 1, 2, 5, 7, 2, 4, 1, 7, 9, 9, 7, 2, 5, 6, 0, 6, 9, 6, 5, 0, 6, 8, 4, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3

Offset: 1

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

• nonn
• cons
• easy

Comments

Pi/5 or 2*Pi/10 is the expected surface area containing completely a Brownian curve (trajectory) on a plane. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jul 28 2005

Bob Palais considers this a more fundamental constant than Pi, see the Palais reference and link. - Jonathan Vos Post, Sep 10 2010

The Persian mathematician Jamshid al-Kashi seems to have been the first to use the circumference divided by the radius as the circle constant. In Treatise on the Circumference published 1424 he calculated the circumference of a unit circle to 9 sexagesimal places. - Peter Harremoës, John W. Nicholson, Aug 02 2012

"Proponents of a new mathematical constant tau (τ), equal to two times π, have argued that a constant based on the ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius rather than to its diameter would be more natural and would simplify many formulas" (from Wikipedia). - Jonathan Sondow, Aug 15 2012

The constant 2*Pi appears in the formula for the period T of a simple gravity pendulum. For small angles this period is given by Christiaan Huygens’s law, i.e., T = 2*Pi*sqrt(L/g), see for more information A223067. - Johannes W. Meijer, Mar 14 2013

There are seven consecutive nines at positions 762 to 768. - Roland Kneer, Jul 05 2013

Volume of a cylinder in which a sphere of radius 1 can be inscribed. - Omar E. Pol, Sep 25 2013

2*Pi is also the surface area of a sphere whose diameter equals the square root of 2. More generally, x*Pi is also the surface area of a sphere whose diameter equals the square root of x. - Omar E. Pol, Dec 18 2013

From Bernard Schott, Jan 31 2020: (Start)

Also, (2*Pi)*a^2 is the area of the deltoid (an hypocycloid with three cusps) whose Cartesian parametrization is:

x = a * (2*cos(t) + cos(2*t)),

y = a * (2*sin(t) - sin(2*t)).

The length of this deltoid is 16*a. See the curve at the Mathcurve link. (End)

Pi/5 = 0.1 * 2*Pi is the mean area of the plane triangles formed by 3 points independently and uniformly chosen at random on the surface of a unit-radius sphere. - Amiram Eldar, Aug 06 2020

Examples

			6.283185307179586476925286766559005768394338798750211641949889184615632...
		

References

• Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 94, Cambridge University Press, 2003, Section 1.4, p. 17.
• David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Books, NY, 1986, Revised edition 1987. See p. 69.

Links

• Harry J. Smith, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..20000
• Robert Ferréol, Deltoid, Mathcurve.
• Christophe Garban and José A. Trujillo Ferreras, The expected area of the filled planar Brownian loop is pi/5, Communications in mathematical physics, Vol. 264, No. 3 (2006), pp. 797-810, preprint, arXiv:math/0504496 [math.PR], 2005.
• Peter Harremoës, Al-Kashi’s constant
• Michael Hartl, The Tau Manifesto.
• Melissa Larson, Verifying and discovering BBP-type formulas, 2008.
• Bob Palais, Web page about "Pi is wrong!".
• Bob Palais, Pi is wrong!, The Mathematical Intelligencer Volume 23, Number 3, 2001, pp. 7-8.
• Grant Sanderson, How pi was almost 6.283185..., 3Blue1Brown video (2018).
• Michael I. Shamos, A catalog of the real numbers, (2007). See p. 318.
• Wikipedia, Tau proposals.
• Wikipedia, Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe formula.
• Index entries for transcendental numbers.

Crossrefs

Cf. A058291 (continued fraction).

Cf. A000796, A019693, A019699, A091925, A244979.

Cf. A093828 (astroid), A180434 (loop of strophoid), A197723 (cardioid).

Programs

Julia

using Nemo
RR = RealField(334)
tau = const_pi(RR) + const_pi(RR)
tau |> println # Peter Luschny, Mar 14 2018

Magma

R:= RealField(100); 2*Pi(R); // G. C. Greubel, Mar 08 2018

Mathematica

RealDigits[N[2 Pi, 6! ]] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Dec 02 2009 *)

PARI

default(realprecision, 20080); x=2*Pi; for (n=1, 20000, d=floor(x); x=(x-d)*10; write("b019692.txt", n, " ", d)); \\ Harry J. Smith, May 31 2009

Python

# Use some guard digits when computing.
# BBP formula P(1, 16, 8, (0, 8, 4, 4, 0, 0, -1, 0)).
from decimal import Decimal as dec, getcontext
def BBPtau(n: int) -> dec:
    getcontext().prec = n
    s = dec(0); f = dec(1); g = dec(16)
    for k in range(n):
        ek = dec(8 * k)
        s += f * ( dec(8) / (ek + 2) + dec(4) / (ek + 3)
                 + dec(4) / (ek + 4) - dec(1) / (ek + 7))
        f /= g
    return s
print(BBPtau(200))  # Peter Luschny, Nov 03 2023

Formula

e^(Zeta'(0)/Zeta(0)) = 2*Pi. - Peter Luschny, Jun 17 2018

From Peter Bala, Oct 30 2019: (Start)

2*Pi = Sum_{n >= 0} (-1)^n*( 1/(n + 1/6) + 1/(n + 5/6) ).

2*Pi = Sum_{n >= 0} (-1)^n*( 1/(n + 1/10) - 1/(n + 3/10) - 1/(n + 7/10) + 1/(n + 9/10) ). Cf. A091925 and A244979. (End)

From Amiram Eldar, Aug 06 2020: (Start)

Equals Gamma(1/6)*Gamma(5/6).

Equals Integral_{x=0..oo} log(1 + 1/x^6) dx.

Equals Integral_{x=0..oo} log(1 + 4/x^2) dx.

Equals Integral_{x=-oo..oo} exp(x/6)/(exp(x) + 1) dx.

Equals Sum_{k>=0} 1/((k + 1/4)*(k + 3/4)). (End)

Equals 4*Integral_{x=0..1} 1/sqrt(1 - x^2) dx (see Finch). - Stefano Spezia, Oct 19 2024