A319539 -id:A319539 - cp's OEIS frontend

A001190 Wedderburn-Etherington numbers: unlabeled binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree 0 or 2) with n endpoints (and 2n-1 nodes in all).

0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 23, 46, 98, 207, 451, 983, 2179, 4850, 10905, 24631, 56011, 127912, 293547, 676157, 1563372, 3626149, 8436379, 19680277, 46026618, 107890609, 253450711, 596572387, 1406818759, 3323236238, 7862958391, 18632325319, 44214569100, 105061603969

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Also number of n-node binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree <= 2) where root has degree 0 (only for n=1) or 1.
a(n+1) is the number of rooted trees with n nodes where the outdegree of every node is <= 2, see example. These trees are obtained by removing the root of the trees in the comment above. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 29 2014
Number of interpretations of x^n (or number of ways to insert parentheses) when multiplication is commutative but not associative. E.g., a(4) = 2: x(x*x^2) and x^2*x^2. a(5) = 3: (x*x^2)x^2, x(x*x*x^2) and x(x^2*x^2). [If multiplication is non-commutative then the answer is A000108(n-1). - Jianing Song, Apr 29 2022]
Number of ways to place n stars in a single bound stable hierarchical multiple star system; i.e., taking only the configurations from A003214 where all stars are included in single outer parentheses. - Piet Hut, Nov 07 2003
Number of colorations of Kn (complete graph of order n) with n-1 colors such that no triangle is three-colored. Two edge-colorations C1 and C2 of G are isomorphic iff exists an automorphism f (isomorphism between G an G) such that: f sends same-colored edges of C1 on same-colored edges of C2 and f^(-1) sends same-colored edges of C2 on same-colored edges of C1. - Abraham Gutiérrez, Nov 12 2012
For n>1, a(n) is the number of (not necessarily distinct) unordered pairs of free unlabeled trees having a total of n nodes. See the first entry in formula section. - Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 09 2014
Named after the English mathematician Ivor Etherington (1908-1994) and the Scottish mathematician Joseph Wedderburn (1882-1948). - Amiram Eldar, May 29 2021

			G.f. = x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 3*x^5 + 6*x^6 + 11*x^7 + 23*x^8 + 46*x^9 + 98*x^10 + ...
From _Joerg Arndt_, Jun 29 2014: (Start)
The a(6+1) = 11 rooted trees with 6 nodes as described in the comment are:
:           level sequence       outdegrees (dots for zeros)
:     1:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ]    [ 1 1 1 1 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o--o
:
:     2:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 4 ]    [ 1 1 1 2 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:           .--o
:
:     3:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 3 ]    [ 1 1 2 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:        .--o
:
:     4:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 2 ]    [ 1 2 1 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:     .--o
:
:     5:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 1 ]    [ 2 1 1 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:  .--o
:
:     6:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 2 ]    [ 1 2 2 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:     .--o
:
:     7:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 1 ]    [ 2 1 2 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:  .--o
:
:     8:  [ 0 1 2 3 2 3 ]    [ 1 2 1 . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:     .--o--o
:
:     9:  [ 0 1 2 3 2 1 ]    [ 2 2 1 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:
:    10:  [ 0 1 2 3 1 2 ]    [ 2 1 1 . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:  .--o--o
:
:    11:  [ 0 1 2 2 1 2 ]    [ 2 2 . . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o--o
:
(End)

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Wikipedia, Wedderburn-Etherington numbers.
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees
Index entries for sequences related to parenthesizing

Cf. A000108, A001699, A002658, A003214, A006894, A006961, A088325.
Cf. A086317, A086318, A240943.
Cf. A292553, A292554, A292555, A292556.
Column k=2 of A292085 and of A299038.
Column k=1 of A319539 and of A319541.

A001190 := proc(n) option remember; local s,k; if n<=1 then RETURN(n); elif n <=3 then RETURN(1); else s := 0; if n mod 2 = 0 then s := A001190(n/2)*(A001190(n/2)+1)/2; for k from 1 to n/2-1 do s := s+A001190(k)*A001190(n-k); od; RETURN(s); else for k from 1 to (n-1)/2 do s := s+A001190(k)*A001190(n-k); od; RETURN(s); fi; fi; end;
N := 40: G001190 := add(A001190(n)*x^n,n=0..N);
spec := [S,{S=Union(Z,Prod(Z,Set(S,card=2)))},unlabeled]: seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n), n=0..20);
# alternative Maple program:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(a(n/2)))+add(a(i)*a(n-i), i=1..n/2))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..40);  # Alois P. Heinz, Aug 28 2017

terms = 35; A[] = 0; Do[A[x] = x + (1/2)*(A[x]^2 + A[x^2]) + O[x]^terms // Normal, terms]; CoefficientList[A[x], x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 22 2011, updated Jan 10 2018 *)
a[n_?OddQ] := a[n] = Sum[a[k]*a[n-k], {k, 1, (n-1)/2}]; a[n_?EvenQ] := a[n] = Sum[a[k]*a[n-k], {k, 1, n/2-1}] + (1/2)*a[n/2]*(1+a[n/2]); a[0]=0; a[1]=1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 32}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 13 2012, after recurrence formula *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 0, 0, SeriesCoefficient[ Nest[ 1 - Sqrt[1 - 2 x - (# /. x -> x^2)] &, 0, BitLength @ n], {x, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Apr 25 2013 *)

{a(n) = local(A, m); if( n<0, 0, m=1; A = O(x); while( m<=n, m*=2; A = 1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x - subst(A, x, x^2))); polcoeff(A, n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003 */

{a(n) = local(A); if( n<4, n>0, A = vector(n, i, 1); for( i=4, n, A[i] = sum( j=1, (i-1)\2, A[j] * A[i-j]) + if( i%2, 0, A[i/2] * (A[i/2] + 1)/2)); A[n])}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 25 2006 */

from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A001190(n):
    if n <= 1: return n
    m = n//2 + n % 2
    return sum(A001190(i+1)*A001190(n-1-i) for i in range(m-1)) + (1 - n % 2)*A001190(m)*(A001190(m)+1)//2 # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 14 2022

G.f. satisfies A(x) = x + (1/2)*(A(x)^2 + A(x^2)) [de Bruijn and Klarner].
G.f. also satisfies A(x) = 1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x - A(x^2)). - Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003
a(2n-1) = a(1)a(2n-2) + a(2)a(2n-3) + ... + a(n-1)a(n), a(2n) = a(1)a(2n-1) + a(2)a(2n-2) + ... + a(n-1)a(n+1) + a(n)(a(n)+1)/2.
Given g.f. A(x), then B(x) = -1 + A(x) satisfies 0 = f(B(x), B(x^2), B(x^4)) where f(u, v, w) = (u^2 + v)^2 + 2*(v^2 + w). - Michael Somos, Oct 22 2006
The radius of convergence of the g.f. is A240943 = 1/A086317 ~ 0.4026975... - Jean-François Alcover, Jul 28 2014, after Steven R. Finch.
a(n) ~ A086318 * A086317^(n-1) / n^(3/2). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Apr 19 2016

A319541 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of binary rooted trees with n leaves of exactly k colors and all non-leaf nodes having out-degree 2.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 3, 2, 14, 27, 15, 3, 48, 180, 240, 105, 6, 171, 1089, 2604, 2625, 945, 11, 614, 6333, 24180, 42075, 34020, 10395, 23, 2270, 36309, 207732, 554820, 755370, 509355, 135135, 46, 8518, 207255, 1710108, 6578550, 13408740, 14963130, 8648640, 2027025

Offset: 1

Andrew Howroyd, Sep 22 2018

See table 2.2 in the Johnson reference.

			Triangle begins:
   1;
   1,    1;
   1,    4,     3;
   2,   14,    27,     15;
   3,   48,   180,    240,    105;
   6,  171,  1089,   2604,   2625,    945;
  11,  614,  6333,  24180,  42075,  34020,  10395;
  23, 2270, 36309, 207732, 554820, 755370, 509355, 135135;
  ...

Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 1..141, flattened
Virginia Perkins Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. South Carolina, 2012.

Columns 1..5 are A001190, A220819, A220820, A220821, A220822.
Main diagonal is A001147.
Row sums give A319590.
Cf. A241555, A319376, A319539.

A:= proc(n, k) option remember; `if`(n<2, k*n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(A(n/2, k)))+add(A(i, k)*A(n-i, k), i=1..n/2))
    end:
T:= (n, k)-> add((-1)^i*binomial(k, i)*A(n, k-i), i=0..k):
seq(seq(T(n, k), k=1..n), n=1..12);  # Alois P. Heinz, Sep 23 2018

A[n_, k_] := A[n, k] = If[n<2, k n, If[OddQ[n], 0, (#(1-#)/2)&[A[n/2, k]]] + Sum[A[i, k] A[n - i, k], {i, 1, n/2}]];
T[n_, k_] := Sum[(-1)^i Binomial[k, i] A[n, k - i], {i, 0, k}];
Table[T[n, k], {n, 1, 12}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 02 2019, after Alois P. Heinz *)

\\ here R(n,k) is k-th column of A319539 as a vector.
R(n,k)={my(v=vector(n)); v[1]=k; for(n=2, n, v[n]=sum(j=1, (n-1)\2, v[j]*v[n-j]) + if(n%2, 0, binomial(v[n/2]+1, 2))); v}
M(n)={my(v=vector(n, k, R(n,k)~)); Mat(vector(n, k, sum(i=1, k, (-1)^(k-i)*binomial(k,i)*v[i])))}
{my(T=M(10)); for(n=1, #T~, print(T[n, ][1..n]))}

T(n,k) = Sum_{i=1..k} (-1)^(k-i)*binomial(k,i)*A319539(n,i).

A339649 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) is the number of leaf colored trees with n leaves of k colors and all non-leaf nodes having degree 3.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 0, 1, 4, 6, 4, 1, 0, 1, 5, 10, 10, 6, 1, 0, 1, 6, 15, 20, 21, 12, 2, 0, 1, 7, 21, 35, 55, 63, 31, 2, 0, 1, 8, 28, 56, 120, 220, 227, 78, 4, 0, 1, 9, 36, 84, 231, 600, 1040, 891, 234, 6, 0, 1, 10, 45, 120, 406, 1386, 3530, 5480, 3876, 722, 11, 0

Offset: 0

Andrew Howroyd, Dec 14 2020

Not all k colors need to be used. The total number of nodes will be 2n-1.

See table 4.1 in the Johnson reference.

			Array begins:
======================================================
n\k| 0 1   2     3      4       5       6        7
---+--------------------------------------------------
0  | 1 1   1     1      1       1       1        1 ...
1  | 0 1   2     3      4       5       6        7 ...
2  | 0 1   3     6     10      15      21       28 ...
3  | 0 1   4    10     20      35      56       84 ...
4  | 0 1   6    21     55     120     231      406 ...
5  | 0 1  12    63    220     600    1386     2842 ...
6  | 0 2  31   227   1040    3530    9772    23366 ...
7  | 0 2  78   891   5480   23250   77112   214718 ...
8  | 0 4 234  3876  31420  165510  655599  2122099 ...
9  | 0 6 722 17790 190360 1243825 5878446 22102577 ...
     ...

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1325
Virginia Perkins Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. South Carolina, 2012.

Columns k=1..4 are A129860, A220826, A220827, A220828.

Cf. A319539 (rooted), A339650, A339779.

\\ here U(n,k) gives column k as a vector.
R(n, k)={my(v=vector(n)); v[1]=k; for(n=2, n, v[n]=sum(j=1, (n-1)\2, v[j]*v[n-j]) + if(n%2, 0, binomial(v[n/2]+1, 2))); v}
U(n, k)={my(g=x*Ser(R(n,k))); Vec(1 + g + (subst(g + O(x*x^(n\3)), x, x^3) - g^3)/3)}
{my(T=Mat(vector(8, k, U(8, k-1)~))); for(n=1, #T~, print(T[n,]))}

G.f. of column k: 1 + R(x) + (R(x^3) - R(x)^3)/3 where R(x) is the g.f. of column k of A319539.

A083563 Number of binary rooted trees (every node has out-degree 0 or 2) with n labeled leaves (2n-1 nodes in all) and at most 2 distinct labels. Also the number of expressions in at most two variables constructible with n-1 instances of a single commutative and nonassociative binary operator.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 2, 3, 6, 18, 54, 183, 636, 2316, 8610, 32763, 126582, 495981, 1964718, 7857939, 31682202, 128644290, 525573252, 2158930398, 8911295286, 36942107373, 153742174722, 642088530453, 2690224616904, 11304554951127, 47630390054802, 201181338802308, 851690762495448

Offset: 0

Doug McIlroy (doug(AT)cs.dartmouth.edu), Jun 12 2003

With a(1)=k, the same recurrence enumerates expressions in at most k variables. In particular, k=1 yields A001190.

			a(3)=6, enumerating the 6 expressions with 2 # operators: x#(x#x), x#(x#y), x#(y#y), y#(x#x), y#(x#y), y#(y#y).
G.f. = 2*x + 3*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 18*x^4 + 54*x^5 + 183*x^6 + 636*x^7 + ...

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..500
V. P. Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. Southern Calif., 2012. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Dec 22 2012

Column k=2 of A319539.

Cf. A000108, A001190, A001699.

a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, 2*n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(a(n/2)))+add(a(i)*a(n-i), i=1..n/2))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..30);  # Alois P. Heinz, Sep 23 2018

a[n_] := a[n] = If[n < 2, 2*n, If[OddQ[n], 0, #*(1 - #)/2&[a[n/2]]]] + Sum[a[i]*a[n - i], {i, 1, n/2}];
a /@ Range[0, 30] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 07 2019, after Alois P. Heinz *)

{a(n) = local(A, m); if( n<0, 0, m=1; A = O(x); while( m<=n, m*=2; A = 1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x - subst(A, x, x^2))); polcoeff(A, n))};

G.f. A(x) = 1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x - A(x^2)) satisfies 0 = A(x)^2 - 2*A(x) + 4*x + A(x^2), A(0)=0. - Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003
G.f.: A(x) = 2x + (1/2)*(A(x)^2 + A(x^2)).
a(0)=0, a(1)=2, a(2*n-1) = a(1)*a(2*n-2) + a(2)*a(2*n-3) + ... + a(n-1)*a(n), a(2*n) = a(1)*a(2*n-1) + a(2)*a(2*n-2) + ... + a(n-1)*a(n+1) + a(n)*(a(n) + 1) / 2.

A319590 Number of binary rooted trees with n leaves spanning an initial interval of positive integers and all non-leaf nodes having out-degree 2.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 8, 58, 576, 7440, 117628, 2201014, 47552012, 1164812674, 31898271660, 965666303078, 32022547868872, 1154362247246714, 44945574393963472, 1879720975031634318, 84039891496643620196, 3999886612000379135606, 201919706444252727224852, 10775953237291840618917900

Offset: 1

Andrew Howroyd, Sep 23 2018

nonn

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200

Row sums of A319541.

Cf. A316651, A319539.

b:= proc(n, k) option remember; `if`(n<2, k*n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(b(n/2, k)))+add(b(i, k)*b(n-i, k), i=1..n/2))
    end:
a:= n-> add(add((-1)^i*binomial(k, i)*b(n, k-i), i=0..k), k=0..n):
seq(a(n), n=1..23);  # Alois P. Heinz, Sep 07 2019

b[n_, k_] := b[n, k] = If[n < 2, k n, If[OddQ[n], 0, Function[t, t(1 - t)/2][b[n/2, k]]] + Sum[b[i, k] b[n - i, k], {i, 1, n/2}]];
a[n_] := Sum[Sum[(-1)^i Binomial[k, i] b[n, k - i], {i, 0, k}], {k, 0, n}];
Array[a, 23] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 10 2020, after Alois P. Heinz *)

\\ here R(n, k) is k-th column of A319539 as a vector.
R(n, k)={my(v=vector(n)); v[1]=k; for(n=2, n, v[n]=sum(j=1, (n-1)\2, v[j]*v[n-j]) + if(n%2, 0, binomial(v[n/2]+1, 2))); v}
seq(n)={sum(k=1, n, R(n, k)*sum(r=k, n, binomial(r, k)*(-1)^(r-k)) )}

A220816 Number of rooted binary MUL-trees with n leaves on the label set [3].

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 6, 18, 75, 333, 1620, 8208, 43188, 232947, 1282824, 7178598, 40711158, 233445483, 1351255608, 7884677052, 46330220604, 273905815095, 1628113352418, 9724235975136, 58330497033576, 351252593186211, 2122598374680816, 12867757823745036, 78235685862460893

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 22 2012

nonn

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200
V. P. Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. Southern Calif., 2012.

Column 3 of A319539.

a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, 3*n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(a(n/2)))+add(a(i)*a(n-i), i=1..n/2))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=1..25);  # Alois P. Heinz, Sep 23 2018

a[n_] := a[n] = If[n < 2, 3 n, If[OddQ[n], 0, (# (1 - #)/2 &)[a[n/2]]] + Sum[a[i] a[n - i], {i, 1, n/2}]];
Array[a, 25] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 02 2019, after Alois P. Heinz *)

a(7) corrected and terms a(11) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Sep 22 2018

A220817 Number of rooted binary MUL-trees with n leaves on the label set [4].

Original entry on oeis.org

4, 10, 40, 215, 1260, 8010, 53240, 366680, 2590420, 18674660, 136809240, 1015603015, 7622900360, 57753364510, 441081947840, 3392237023425, 26248421645200, 204202630151860, 1596256637347240, 12531697773337965, 98763817012822460, 781102051887068160

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 22 2012

nonn

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200
V. P. Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. Southern Calif., 2012.

Column k=4 of A319539.

a[n_] := a[n] = If[n < 2, 4 n, If[OddQ[n], 0, (# (1 - #)/2 &)[a[n/2]]] + Sum[a[i] a[n - i], {i, 1, n/2}]];
Array[a, 25] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 02 2019, after Alois P. Heinz in A319539 *)

Terms a(11) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Sep 23 2018

A347928 Triangle read by rows, T(n, k) are the coefficients of the scaled Mandelbrot-Larsen polynomials P(n, x) = 2^(2n-1)M(n, x), where M(n, x) are the Mandelbrot-Larsen polynomials; for 0 <= k <= n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 4, 2, 0, 16, 12, 12, 5, 0, 0, 32, 40, 40, 14, 0, 0, 192, 208, 168, 140, 42, 0, 0, 0, 640, 800, 720, 504, 132, 0, 2048, 1792, 2688, 3920, 3584, 3080, 1848, 429, 0, 0, 4096, 4608, 11520, 17760, 16512, 13104, 6864, 1430

Offset: 0

Peter Luschny, Oct 27 2021

To avoid confusion: the polynomials which are called 'Mandelbrot polynomials' by some authors are listed in A137560. The name 'Mandelbrot-Larsen' polynomials was introduced in Calkin, Chan, & Corless to distinguish them from the Mandelbrot polynomials.

			Triangle starts:
[0]  0;
[1]  0,    1;
[2]  0,    2,    1;
[3]  0,    0,    4,    2;
[4]  0,   16,   12,   12,     5;
[5]  0,    0,   32,   40,    40,    14;
[6]  0,    0,  192,  208,   168,   140,    42;
[7]  0,    0,    0,  640,   800,   720,   504,   132;
[8]  0, 2048, 1792, 2688,  3920,  3584,  3080,  1848,  429;
[9]  0,    0, 4096, 4608, 11520, 17760, 16512, 13104, 6864, 1430.

Neil J. Calkin, Eunice Y. S. Chan, and Robert M. Corless, Some Facts and Conjectures about Mandelbrot Polynomials, Maple Trans., Vol. 1, No. 1, Article 14037 (July 2021).
V. P. Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. Southern Calif., 2012.
Michael Larsen, Multiplicative series, modular forms, and Mandelbrot polynomials, in: Mathematics of Computation 90.327 (Sept. 2020), pp. 345-377. Preprint: arXiv:1908.09974 [math.NT], 2019.

Cf. A137560, A000108, A000984, A001190, A083563, A088674, A048896, A107087, A220816, A220817.

Cf. A319539, A348678, A348679, A348686.

M := proc(n, x) local k; option remember;
if n = 0 then 0 elif n = 1 then x else add(M(k, x)*M(n-k, x), k = 1..n-1) +
ifelse(n::even, M(n/2, x), 0) fi; expand(%/2) end:
P := n -> 2^(2*n - 1)*M(n, x):
row := n -> seq(coeff(P(n), x, k), k = 0..n): seq(row(n), n = 0..9);

M[n_, x_] := M[n, x] = Module[{k, w}, w = Which[n == 0, 0, n == 1, x, True, Sum[M[k, x]*M[n-k, x], {k, 1, n-1}] + If[EvenQ[n], M[n/2, x], 0]]; Expand[w/2]];
P[n_] := 2^(2*n - 1)*M[n, x];
row [n_] := If[n == 0, {0}, CoefficientList[P[n], x]];
Table[row[n], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 07 2022, after Maple code *)

The Mandelbrot-Larsen polynomials are defined: M(0, x) = 0; M(1, x) = x/2;
M(n, x) = (1/2)*(even(n)*M(n/2, x) + Sum_{k=1..n-1} M(k, x)*M(n-k, x)) for n > 1. Here even(n) = 1 if n is even, otherwise 0.
P(n, x) = 2^(2*n-1)*M(n, x) (scaled Mandelbrot-Larsen polynomials).
T(n, k) = [x^k] P(n, x).
[x^k] M(n,k) = A348679(n, k) / A348678(n, k).
M(n, 2*k) = P(n, 2*k) / 2^(2*n-1) = A319539(n, k).
P(n, k) = A348686(n, k).
T(n, n) = A000108(n-1) for n >= 1, Catalan numbers.
T(n+2, n+1) / 2 = A000984(n) for n >= 0, central binomials.
P(n, 1) = A088674(n-1) for n >= 1, also row sums.
M(n, 2) = A001190(n) for n >= 0.
M(n, 4) = A083563(n) for n >= 0.
M(n,-4) = -A107087(n) for n >= 1.
M(n, 6) = A220816(n) for n >= 1.
M(n, 8) = A220817(n) for n >= 1.
Conjecture (Calkin, Chan, & Corless): content(P(n)) = gcd(row(n)) = A048896(n-1) for n >= 1.

A220818 Number of rooted binary MUL-trees with n leaves on the label set [5].

Original entry on oeis.org

5, 15, 75, 495, 3600, 28275, 232500, 1979385, 17287050, 154041450, 1394844375, 12797919900, 118722187125, 1111672312125, 10493033896875, 99734572903680, 953755379940150, 9169941599036475, 88588446263805000, 859511126918229075, 8371534717621838250

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 22 2012

nonn

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200
V. P. Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. Southern Calif., 2012.

Column 5 of A319539.

a[n_] := a[n] = If[n < 2, 5 n, If[OddQ[n], 0, (# (1 - #)/2 &)[a[n/2]]] +
Sum[a[i] a[n - i], {i, 1, n/2}]];
Array[a, 25] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 02 2019, after Alois P. Heinz in A319539 *)

Terms a(11) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Sep 23 2018

A319580 Number of binary rooted trees with n leaves of n colors and all non-leaf nodes having out-degree 2.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 18, 215, 3600, 80136, 2213036, 73068543, 2806959015, 123002168300, 6055381161852, 330885794632536, 19872950226273053, 1301261803764756855, 92259974680854975000, 7041606755629152575055, 575638367425376279620662, 50180725346542105445190603

Offset: 1

Andrew Howroyd, Sep 23 2018

nonn

Not all of the n colors need to be used.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..352
V. P. Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. Southern Calif., 2012.

Main diagonal of A319539.

Cf. A319369, A319541.

A:= proc(n, k) option remember; `if`(n<2, k*n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(A(n/2, k)))+add(A(i, k)*A(n-i, k), i=1..n/2))
    end:
a:= n-> A(n$2):
seq(a(n), n=1..20);  # Alois P. Heinz, Sep 23 2018

A[n_, k_] := A[n, k] = If[n < 2, k n, If[OddQ[n], 0, Function[t, t(1-t) / 2][A[n/2, k]]] + Sum[A[i, k] A[n - i, k], {i, 1, n/2}]];
a[n_] := A[n, n];
Array[a, 20] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 10 2020, after Alois P. Heinz *)

a(n)={my(v=vector(n)); v[1]=n; for(n=2, n, v[n]=sum(j=1, (n-1)\2, v[j]*v[n-j]) + if(n%2, 0, binomial(v[n/2]+1, 2))); v[n]} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Sep 23 2018

cp's OEIS Frontend

A001190 Wedderburn-Etherington numbers: unlabeled binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree 0 or 2) with n endpoints (and 2n-1 nodes in all).

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A319541 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of binary rooted trees with n leaves of exactly k colors and all non-leaf nodes having out-degree 2.

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A339649 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) is the number of leaf colored trees with n leaves of k colors and all non-leaf nodes having degree 3.

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A083563 Number of binary rooted trees (every node has out-degree 0 or 2) with n labeled leaves (2n-1 nodes in all) and at most 2 distinct labels. Also the number of expressions in at most two variables constructible with n-1 instances of a single commutative and nonassociative binary operator.

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A319590 Number of binary rooted trees with n leaves spanning an initial interval of positive integers and all non-leaf nodes having out-degree 2.

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A220816 Number of rooted binary MUL-trees with n leaves on the label set [3].

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A220817 Number of rooted binary MUL-trees with n leaves on the label set [4].

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A347928 Triangle read by rows, T(n, k) are the coefficients of the scaled Mandelbrot-Larsen polynomials P(n, x) = 2^(2n-1)M(n, x), where M(n, x) are the Mandelbrot-Larsen polynomials; for 0 <= k <= n.